Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. The Definite Article 2. The Indefinite Article 3. Ordinal and Cardinal Numbers 4. The Present Simple Tense 5. The Present Continuous Tense 6. The Present Perfect Tense 7. Present Tenses 8. Comparison of Adjectives 9. Possessive Pronouns 10. Possesssive Adjectives 11. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives 12. Relative Clauses 13. The Simple Past Tense 14. The Past Contininuous Tense 15. The Past Perfect Tense 16. Expressing Future 17. The structure HAVE SOMETHING DONE 18. The structure USED TO 19. Modals 20. The Passive Voice 21. Indirect Speech Statements 22. Indirect Speech Questions, Orders 23. Conditional Sentences 24. Irregular Plurals 25. Saxon Genitive (Possessive S) 26. Prepositions (place, time) 27. The plural of nouns 28. Countable and Uncountable Nouns 29. Questions word order 30. SOME/ANY/MUCH/MANY
Question no. 1:
DEFINITE (odredjeni) ARTICLE: "THE" upotrebljavamo ispred imenica koje smo pominjemo po drugi put odnosno imenica koje smo uveli clanom A. I saw a lovely girls yesterday - the girls I saw lives in my neighbourhood. Kada zelimo nesto posebno da naglasimo ili ispred imenica koje pocinju samoglasnikom ili nemim H, clan THE se izgovara kao Idi:I Upotrebljava se: 1. Ispred punih naziva drzava: The United States of America, The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, The United Kingdom (ali samo ENGLAND, AMERICA, RUSSIA, ITALY.....) izuzetak (The Netherlands, The Hague - grad uz koji takodje stoji clan) 2. ispred superlativa prideva: the best, the most attractive, the closest 3. ispred planinskih lanaca, reka, mora, okeana, grupa ostrva: The Bahamas, The Alps, The Danube, the Adriatic Sea, The Atlantic Ocean (ali ne i ispred pojedinacnih planina: ETNA, EVEREST, gradova: CAIRO, NYC, ostrva: SICILY, CORSICA, regiona: EUROPE, TEXAS) 4. when there is only ONE OF something - dakle ispred stvari/objekata koji su jedinstveni (the sky, the environment..) The earth goes around the sun and the moon goes round the earth. The longest river in the world is.... 5. ispred "SAME": Those two photographs are the same, we don't speak the same language 6. obicno kazemo THE RADIO ali TELEVISION (bez THE) 7. ispred prideva da oznacimo celu grupu ljudi koji su opisani datim pridevom: the black, the pretty, the intelligent, the old
Question no. 2:
1. INDEFINITE (neodredjeni) ARTICLE: "A" stoji ispred brojivih imenica u jednini koje pocinju SUGLASNIKOM ili samoglasnikom koji se izgovara kao SUGLASNIK. e.g. a book, a car, a uniform "AN" se upotrebljava ispred brojivih imenica u jednini kada one pocinju samoglasnikom ili nemim "H" e.g. an apple, an hour, an aeroplane Prevodimo ga kao JEDAN,a,o ili NEKI,a,o Neodredjeni clan upotrebljavamo: 1. kada nesto pominjeno po prvi put - I saw a lovely girl yesterday 2. u uzvicnim recenicama tipa - Such a crazy night, What a beautiful day 3. u izrazima tipa: once a week, two times a month, twice a year 4. umesto broja 1: a hundred, a kilo, a minute 5. ispred imenica koje oznacavaju zanimanje: my Mum is a doctor and my Dad is a judge. My brother is a lawyer.
Question no. 3:
BROJEVI: Cardinal: 1,2,3,4.....i Ordinal: first, second, third, fourth, fifth.....Kod CARDINAL Nos. reci da da stotina: hundred, thousand, million nemaju mnozinu (u situacijama kada ispred njih sledi broj- Npr. FOUR MILLION people, FIVE THOUSAND dollars, a nastavak za mnozinu "s" se dodaje na imenicu koja sledi iza HUNDRED,
THOUSAND, MILLION...) i da se za jednu stotinu, hiljadu...umesto broja ONE koristi clan A: A MILLION, A HUNDRED...ORDINAL NUMBERS: Kod broja 1,2 i 3 imamo specificne nastavke 1 - st; 2- nd; 3 - rd (first, second i third) dok se kod svih ostalih brojeva dodaje nastavak "TH". Redne brojeve koristima za izrazavanje redosleda, ispred njih se obicno nalazi odredjeni clan "THE" - THE FIRST WEEKEND IN MAY i kod pisanja datuma: November 5th, 2010. To bi bilo ono osnovno - sto je sasvim dovoljno.
Question No. 4:
THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE - I play football Koristi se za radnju koja se obicno desava svaki dan Tvorba: Potvrdan oblik: SUBJEKAT + GLAGOL Negativan oblik: SUBJEKAT+ dont / doesnt + GLAGOL Upitan oblik: Do / does + SUBJEKAT + GLAGOL?
Priloske oznake:every day, sometimes, usually, always, never, ever, all day
Question no. 5:
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (sadanje trajno vreme) - I am speaking Present participle se pravi dodavanjem glagolu nastavka "-ing". Meutim, ponekad moramo malo promeniti re, verovatno udvostruiti ili izostaviti jedno slovo. - Ako se glagol zavrava na: suglasnik - naglaeni vokal-suglasnik zadnje slovo se udvostruava run running - Ako glagol zavrava na ie, mijenjamo ie u y lie lying - Ako glagol zavrava na vokal + suglasnik + e, izostavljamoe: - come coming Present Continuous Tense (sadanje trajno vreme) se upotrebljava: - da oznai radnju koja se vri u vremenu kada o njoj govorimo I am learning English now - meutim, radnja se ne mora odvijati tano sada, ali se deavala neto ranije i moda e se deavati posle trenutka kada o njoj govorimo she is reading a book - da oznai radnju ije je trajanje neprekidno, i tada se obino upotrebljavaju prilozialways, constantly, forever itd - You are always complaining about your mother - da se izrazi radnja koja je ve isplanirana i desie se u budunosti: I'm meeting my girlfriend tonight.
Question No. 6:
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE - I have played football
PPT se koristi za radnju koja e desila i zavrila u prolosti, ali ne znamo kada i za radnjukoja se desila, ali se nije zavrila Tvorba: Potvrdan oblik: SUBJEKAT + have / has + GLAGOL (-d/-ed ili 3. kolona) Negativan oblik: SUBJEKAT + have/has + not + GLAGOL (-d/-ed ili 3. kolona) Upitan oblik: Have / has + SUBJEKAT + GLAGOL (-d/-ed ili 3. kolona)
Question No. 7:
PRESENT TENSES Present Simple (prosto sadanje vreme) I choose Present Perfect (sloeno sadanje vreme) I have chosen Present Continous (sadanje trajno vreme) I am choosing Present Perfect Continuous (sadanje svreno trajno vreme) - I have been choosing
Question no. 9:
Za razliku od PRISVOJNIH PRIDEVA koji UVEK stoje uz imenicu, prisvojne zamenice (MINE, YOURS, HIS, HERS, OURS, THEIRS) se koriste bez imenica. Npr. That's not my coat (prisv. pridev) - It's mine! ili Their garden (prisv. pridev)is much bigger than ours (prisv. zamenica)! Upitnu rec WHOSE mozemo da koristimo SA ili BEZ IMENICA: Whose coat is that? ili Whose is that coat? REWRITE THE SENTENCES WITH POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 1. That's my newspaper 2. Her hair looks better than your hair 3. That dog looks like our dog 4. Is that bike your bike? 5. That car isn't her car
prideva UVEK stoji "than", a zatim ono s ime se uporeuje. npr. My nose is smaller than yours. The Danube is more beautiful than The Thames. - Kada elimo da kaemo kako je neto naj- onda koristimo superlativni stepen prideva. U ovom sluaju ispred prideva UVEK stoji lan "the". npr. Mary has the most beautiful hair in the classroom. John is the biggest fan of Michael Jackson. - Kratkim pridevima dodajemo nastavak -er u komparativu ili -est u superlativu. U nekim sluajevima se poslednji suglasnik duplira (bigger, redder; the biggest, the reddest,...) a ako se pridev zavrava sa "y" ono se pretvara u i (prettier, earlier; the prettiest, the earliest,...) - Dugakim pridevima (sa dva ili vie slogova) ne dodajemo nastavke ali ispred prideva piemo "more" u komparativu ili "most" u superlativu (more intelligent; the most delicious,...) Ukoliko su dve osobine izrazene u ISTOM stepenu onda koristimo konstrukciju "AS + ADJ. + AS" ili "NOT AS + ADJ. + AS" My eyes aren't as good as yours. Npr. She is as beautiful as her mother. He is as tall as his grandfather. U slucaju negacije koristimo konstrukciju "NOT SO + ADJ. + AS" Npr. She is not so beautiful as her mother He is not so tall as his grandfather - Postoje i pridevi ija je komparacija nepravilna, a to su: GOOD - BETTER - THE BEST BAD - WORSE - THE WORST MUCH/MANY - MORE - THE MOST LITTLE - LESS - THE LEAST FAR - FARTHER/FURTHER - THE FARTHEST/FURTHEST OLD - OLDER/ELDER - THE OLDEST/ELDEST
Kada je relativna zamenica na mestu subjekta, ne mozemo da je izostavimo. Npr. A man phoned me. The man THAT/WHO phoned me spoke Greek ( NE MOZE The man phoned me spoke Greek) WHAT koristimo umesto "THE THING(S) WHICH/THAT or ANYTHING THAT" uz glagole u jednini. Npr. Have you got WHAT you need for your journey? (=...."the things that you need") I'm sorry about what happened. Neki glagoli uz sebe imaju predlog. Npr. look at, listen to, live in.... Kada je relativna zamenica objekat takvih glagola imamo dve opcije: 1. zadrzimo predlog uz glagol - Npr. The woman smiled. I was looking at her - The woman WHOM/THAT I was looking at smiled 2. da predlog stavimo ISPRED relativne zamenice WHOM/WHICH Npr. The woman at WHOM I was looking smiled.
A, RELATIVNE CLAUSES mogu biti DEFINING I NON-DEFINING. Evo i primera: 1. My son, who lives in New York, is arriving today. 2. My son who lives in New York is arriving today. U prvom slucaju radi se o NON-DEFINING Relative Clause (to je poput "umetnute recenice" na srpskom, tj. radi se o usputnoj, dodatnoj informaciji koja ne menja znacenje recenice. Kod prve recenice mozemo zakljuciti da zena ima SAMO jednog sina koji, by the way, zivi u NY, ali ono sto je bitno je da on stize danas. Takva recenica se UVEK odvaja zarezima. U drugom slucaju radi se o DEFINING Relative Clause sto znaci da zena ima 5 sinova ali upravo onaj koji zivi u New York-u, a ne neki od preostale cetvorice stize danas. Ispred relativne zamenice ne stavljamo zarez i ne odvajamo je time od ostatka recenice.
uradimo i tada je cak mozemo prevesti kao "nameravam da...." Npr. I am not going to take a holiday this year - Ove godine ne nameravam da uzmem godisnji! 2. PRESENT CONTINIOUS - koristimo ga za izrazavanje buducnosti kada sa sigurnoscu govorimo o planovima koji ce se realizovati u tacno odredjeno vreme ili na tacno odredjenom mestu. Npr. I am starting a new job next week. We are playing basketball tomorrow at 5! 3. WILL + infinitive - kada nesto PREDVIDJAMO, MISLIMO, NAGADJAMO ili ZNAMO o buducnosti Npr. I think it will snow tomorrow. When will you know your exam results? - WILL upotrebljavamo i kada nesto OBECAVAMO, SLAZEMO SE ili ODBIJAMO Npr. OK, I really WILL start studying English! (I hope you all will!) She won't speak to me! This pen won't write! I'll phone you! - WILL koristimo i kada neku odluku donesemo iznenada na licu mesta Npr. That's the phone - I'll answer it! What will you have? Hmmmm, I'll have a coke! ***Posle I i WE umesto WILL moze se koristiti i SHALL bez promene po znacenje ***Ponekad i PRESENT SIMPLE mozemo upotrebiti za buducnost - iskljucivo kada govorimo o RASPOREDU voznje, PROGRAMU u bioskopu, pozoristu Npr. Our train leaves at 8.10. What time does the film start? It starts at 8.00.
Can, may i must su modalni glagoli I nemaju will formu 1. imaju formu samo za past simple I present simple 2. nemaju nastavak s u trecem licu jednine 3. upitni oblik se dobija inverzijom I negativnom formom dodavanjem -not
-They stole my bike. --> The bike is stolen. Radi se o biciklu, i nije bitno ko je to uradio. Subjekat + oblik glagola to be + Past Participle ( 3. kolona ili nepravilni glagoli ) Upitne recenice, inverzijom. -Was the bike stolen?
QUESTIONS Ako se indirektnim govorom saoptava tue pitanje, onda se umesto glagola koji izraava prost iskaz mora upotrebiti glagol koji izraava pitanje, tj. umesto glagola say ili tell upotrebljavaju se glagoli ask,inquire,wonder ili want to know. Upitne reenice u kojima u direktnom govoru nema nikakve upitne rei u indirektnom vezuju se za glavnu reenicu veznicima if (sa li) iliwhether[i]. - "Are you staying in this hotel?" Tom asked me if/whether I was staying in that hotel. Primedba: a) Red rei u indirektnim pitanjima isti je kao u potvrdnoj reenici, tj. nema inverzije kao u direktnom pitanju. b) U pitanjima koja poinju nekom upitnom rei- [i]who, when,which,why, what, how,itd.- ova re spaja reenicu kojom poinje indirektni govor sa sledeom.
2. kondicional neverovatna mogunost (budunost) If I married Mary I would be happy If I won the lottery I would by a car ne postoji realna mogunost da e se uzrok ispuniti 3. kondicional bez mogunosti (prolost) - If I won the lottery, I would have bought a car - If I had seen Mary I would have told her Ne postoji nikakva ansa da se uzrok I posledica ispune
2. grupa u kojoj su imenice u mnoini iste fish - fish (ribe - kada se koristi "fishes" najee se misli na nekoliko razliitih vrsta) sheep - sheep (ovce) deer - deer (jeleni)
Kada idemo od jednog do drugog mesta koristimo from...to - We travel from Novi Sad to Budapest - by bus, by car.. opposite naspram, prekoputa next to- pored, odmah do beside - pored between- izmeu on the corner of- na uglu in front of- ispred behind- iza under- pod below- ispod above - iznad
ZA VREME Kao predlog za vreme at se koristi za izraavanje sati i tano datog vremena. - at 11 pm (u 11 sati uvee) - at noon (u podne) - at midnight (u pono) Predlog in se kao predlog za vreme koristi za oznaavanja meseci i godina, kao i ispred delova dana. - in May (u maju) - in 1987 (1987. godine) - in summer (u leto) - in the morning (ujutru) Predlog on se moe koristiti da oznai vreme deavanja radnje i to onda kada se govori o danima. Mogu se navoditi dani u nedelji, delovi dana ali i datumi. - on Monday (u ponedeljak) - on Sunday evening (u nedelju uvee) - on 21st November (21. novembra)
prebrojati. Dakle, one banana, two bananas, five bananas.... CAR, BEACH, TOWEL, CITY, RIVER, BATTERY, ACCIDENT, UMBRELLA, STUDENT, SONG (primeri brojivih imenica) Nebrojive imenice imaju samo jedan oblik (rice) i oznacavaju things koje ne mozemo brojati. Ne mozemo reci one rice, two rices MUSIC, FREEDOM, LOVE, SPHAGETTI, FLOUR, SUGAR, BREAD, MILK su primeri nebrojivih imenica uglavnom se radi o gradivnim i abstraktnim imenicama. Kada je rec o gradivnim, mozemo ih "izbrojati" tako sto cemo ih upakovati u neki CONTAINER ili im dodati meru (kg, g, liter....) E.g. A spoonful of sugar, two spoonfuls of sugar, five kilos of flour, a loaf of bread, three bottles of milk....... Ispred brojivih imenica u jednini mozemo upotrebiti NEODREDJENI clan A/AN: a school, a uniform, an apple. Brojive imenice u jednini NE MOGU STAJATI SAME (ispred njih MORA biti clan: I want a banana, There's been an accident) Brojive imenice u mnozini MOGU stajati same: I like bananas, Accidents happen Nebrojive imenice mogu stajati same:It was bad luck, we haven't got enough water Clan A/AN ne koristimo uz nebrojive imenice: ne govorimo A SAND, A MUSIC ali zato kazemo A PIECE OF MUSIC, A BAG OF SAND Uz obe vrste imenica, dakle i brojive i nebrojive moze da stoji SOME i ANY e.g. We sang some songs, We didn't buy any milk We listened to some music, We didn't buy any bread. Ovo pitanje mozete dopuniti ponekim izuzetkom iz sveske. A, da se podsetimo....postoje imenice koje su u nasem jeziku BROJIVE sto nije slucaj i u engleskom. Imenice koje se uvek nalaze u jednini su ADVICE, KNOWLEDGE, INFORMATION, FURNITURE, PASTA. Uz njih uglavnom stoji SOME ili PIECE OF...
- Kod nekih pitanja koja pocinju sa WHAT iz sledi imenica Npr. WHAT time is the film? What size are you? What colour are your eyes? - Kada se upitne reci WHO i WHAT nalaze u funkciji subjekta, iza njih nema pomocnog glagola DO/DOES/DID Npr. Who (subject) phoned? Mike phoned. Who (object) did you see? I saw Mike. What happened? Something terrible happened. What did he say? He said something terrible. - PREDLOGE with, at, for to obicno stavljamo na kraj pitanja Npr. Who did you go out with? What are you looking at? Where do you come from?, Where shall I sent the letter to? Who is the letter for?