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Sadraj Strana

0.1.Alfabet - Alphabet 1. Brojevi - Numbers 1.1. Glavni (cardinals) 1.2. Redni (ordinals) 1.3. Deobni (fractional numerals) 1.4. Brojevi za ponavljanje (repeating numerals) 1.5. Brojevi za umnoavanje (multiplicatives) 1.6. Broj nula (zero) 2. lan - The Article 2.1. Odreeni lan 2.2. Neodreeni lan 3. Glagoli - Verbs 3.1. Pomoni glagoli - Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) 3.1.1. Pomoni glagol "to be" - Auxiliary Verb "to be" 3.1.2. Pomoni glagol "to have" - Auxiliary Verb "to have" 3.1.3. Pomoni glagol "to do" - Auxiliary Verb "to do" 3.2. Bezlini glagoli - Impersonal Verbs 3.3. Nepotpuni glagoli - Defective Verbs 3.4. Pravilni i nepravilni glagoli - Regular and Irregular Verbs 3.5. Prelazni i neprelazni glagoli - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 3.6. Povratni glagoli 3.7. Viereni glagoli - Multi-word verbs 3.7.1. Frazalni glagoli 3.7.2. Predloni glagoli 3.7.3. Frazalni predloni glagoli 3.8. "-ing" oblici - The "-ing" forms 3.9. Gerund - The Gerund 3.10. Particip prezenta - The Present Participle 3.11. Direktan i indirektan govor - Direct and Indirect Speech 3.12. Klauze - Clauses 3.12.1. Nezavisne i zavisne klauze 3.12.2. Relativne klauze 3.12.3. Eliptine klauze 3.13. Kondicionali - The conditionals 3.13.1. Prvi kondicional - realna mogunost (First conditional: real possibility) 3.13.2. Drugi kondicional - nevjerovatna mogunost (Second conditional - unreal possibility or dream) 3.13.3. Trei kondicional - bez mogunosti (Third conditional - no possibility) 3.13.4. Nulti kondicional - sigurno ispunjenje uslova (Zero conditional - certainty) 3.13.5. Kondicionali - ukratko 3.14. Trpno stanje (pasiv) - Passive Voice 3.15. Slaganje vremena - Sequence of Tenses 3.15.1. Slaganje glagolskih vremena 3.15.2. Slaganje vremena sa infinitivima i participima 3.16. Sadanja vremena 3.16.1. Sadanje prosto vreme - Simple Present Tense 3.16.2. Sadanje trajno vreme - Present Continuous Tense 3.16.3. Sloeno sadanje vreme - Present Perfect Simple Tense 3.16.4. Nesvreni perfekt - Present Perfect Continuous Tense

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Sadraj Strana 3.17. Prola vremena 3.17.1. Prolo svreno vreme - Past Simple Tense 3.17.2. Prolo trajno vreme - The Past Continuous Tense 3.17.3. Pluskvamperfekat (davno prolo vreme) - The Past Perfect Tense 3.17.4. Nesvreni pluskvamperfekt - The Past Perfect Continuous Tense 3.18. Budua vremena 3.18.1. Prosto budue vreme - Futur Simple Tense 3.18.2. Budue trajno vreme - Futur Continuous Tense 3.18.3. Sloeno budue vreme - Futur Perfect Tense 3.18.4. Futur Perfect Continuous 4. Imenice - Nouns 4.1. Rod imenica - Gender of Nouns 4.2. Mnoina imenica - Plural of Nouns 4.3. Padei imenica - Cases of Nouns 5. Pridevi - Adjectives 5.1. Poreenje prideva - Comparasion 5.2. Pravopisna pravila pri poreenju 5.3. Nepravilna komparacija prideva - Irregular comparasion 6. Predlozi - Prepositions 7. Prilozi - Adverbs 7.1. Poreenje priloga 8. Uzvici - Interjections 9. Veznici - Conjunctions 10. Zamenice - Pronouns 10.1. Line zamenice - Personal Pronouns 10.2. Prisvojne zamenice - Possessive Pronouns 10.3. Povratne zamenice - Reflexive Pronouns 10.4. Pokazne zamenice - Demonstrative pronouns 10.5. Upitne zamenice - Interrogative Pronouns 10.6. Relativne zamenice - Relative pronouns 10.7. Deobne zamenice - Distributive Pronouns 10.8. Neodreene zamenice - Indefinite Pronouns 11. Red rei - Word order 12. Skraenice na internetu 13. Britansko i ameriko pisanje - British and American writing 14. Pisanje velikih slova - Writing of capital letters 15. Znaci interpunkcije - Punctuation 15.1. Taka - The full stop or period 15.2. Zarez - The comma 15.3. Dvotaka - The colon 15.4. Taka-zarez - The semicolon 15.5. Upitnik - The question mark 16. Lista najeih imenica koji imaju nepravilne oblike u mnoini 17. Izgovor (kopirano iz pdf e-knjige) 17.1. Naglasak 17.2. Samoglasnici - Vowels 17.3. Dvoglasnici - Diphtrhongs 17.4. Suglasnici - Consonants 17.5. Vie Suglasnika - More consonants 17.6. Transkripcija izgovora 18. Glasovi engleskog jezika (Fonetika) 18.1. Samoglasnici - Vowels - i primeri 18.2. Dvoglasnici - Diphthongs - i primeri 18.3. Suglasnici - Consonants - i primeri (Primeri - 83 str.)

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(0.1.) Alfabet - Alphabet A, a B, b C, c D, d E, e F, f G, g H, h I, i J, j K, k L, l M, m (ei:) (bi:) (si:) (di:) (i:) (ef) (di:) (eie) (ai) (dei) (kei) (el) (em) N, n O, o P, p Q, q R, r S, s T, t U, u V, v W, w X, x Y, y Z, z (en) (o:) (pi:) (kju:) (a:) (es:) (ti:) (ju:) (vi:) (dabl ju) (eks) (uai) (zi, zed)

(1.)

Brojevi - Numbers

Brojevi mogu biti: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. glavni (cardinals) redni (ordinals) diobni (fractional numerals) brojevi za ponavljanje (repeating numerals) brojevi za umnoavanje (multiplicatives) broj nula (zero)

(1.1.) Glavni brojevi - cardinals 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen 19 20 21 22 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 101 200 1000 2000 1.000.000 2.000.000 nineteen twenty twenty one twenty two etc. thirty fourty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety a hundred a hundred and one two hundred a thousand two thousand a million two million

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Kao to se vidi, brojevi izmeu 13 i 20 obrazuju se kada se broju prve desetine doda sufiks "teen", izuzev nekih manjih izuzetaka (thirteen umjesto threeteen i fifteen umjesto fiveteen). Brojevi desetica obrazuju se na slian nain, dodavanjem sufiksa "ty". Brojevi koji imaju desetice i jedinice prave se kao i u naem jeziku: 25 - twenty five, 71 - seventy one. Mogu se i jedinice, ali samo za brojeve ispod 40, staviti na prvo mjesto i vezati pomou "and" sa deseticama: 24 - four and twenty. Rei hundred i thousand posle kojih dolazi manji broj od stotinu, vezuju se veznikom "and": 328 - three hundred and twenty eight 3.020 - three thousand and twenty. Hundred i thousand dobijaju "s" u mnoini kada se javljaju kao imenice: hundreds of men, thousands of insects. (stotine ljudi, hiljade insekata) "One" ima mnoinu koja glasi "ones" i upotrebljava se kao imenica, najee da bi se izbeglo ponavljanje imenice u reenici: Black gloves are stronger than white ones. (crne rukavice su jae od belih) (1.2.) Redni brojevi - ordinals Prva tri redna broja se tvore nepravilno:first (prvi), second (drugi) i third (trei). Svi ostali redni brojevi prave se dodavanjem nastavka "th" na glavne brojeve: seventh (sedmi), tenth (deseti), sixteenth (esnaesti), ninetieth (devedeseti), thousandth (hiljaditi) etc.

Slova "ve" kod five postaju slovo "f" kod fifth (peti), fifteenth (petnaesti) i fiftieth (pedeseti). Isto tako kod twelve se menja u twelfth. Nine u rednom broju gubi krajnje "-e": nine - ninth. Kod desetica krajnje "y" mijenja se u "ie" pred nastavkom "th": thirtieth (trideseti). Kod sastavljenih rei nastavak dobijaju samo jedinice: twenty-fourth (dvadeset etvrti). Redni brojevi se upotrebljavaju umesto glavnih za oznaavanje: datuma meseca: the nineteenth of May (devetnaesti Maj); rodoslovlje vladara: Henry the Sixth (Henry VI) poglavlja u knjizi: chapter the tenth (glava deseta); posle rei every, kao to su izrazi: every third day (svakog treeg dana).

Razlomci u nazivniku imaju redni broj: 4/5 - four fifths 3/10 - three tenths Razlika je jedino kod 1/2 - one half i 1/4 - one quarter ili a quarter, 3/4 - three quarters. Redni brojevi dobijaju odreeni lan the. the first class (prvi razred).

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(1.3.) Deobni brojevi - fractional numerals Izuzev broja half (pola) svi deobni brojevi jednaki su sa rednim brojevima. U mnoini dobijaju nastavak "s": four sevenths (etiri sedmice). Iza half dolazi "a" ispred imenice: half a loaf (polovina hleba). Posle broja, izraza i po (i polovina) prevodi se sa "and a half": two leagues and a half (dve i po milje). (1.4.) Brojevi za ponavljanje - repeating numerals Brojevi za ponavljanje prave se pomou rei "times": four times (etiri puta), twenty times (dvadeset puta). Izuzetak: once (jedan put), twice (dva puta), thrice (tri puta) zadrali su se jo u poeziji, inae su zastareli. (1.5.) Brojevi za umnoavanje - multiplicatives Brojevi za umnoavanje prave se dodavanjem nastavka "fold" na glavne brojeve: fourfold (etverostruk). Izuzetak je broj "twofold" koji se moe izraziti jo reju double (dvostruk). (1.6.) Broj nula - zero Nula se u engleskom jeziku kae naught ili zero: seven degrees below zero 206 - two naught six U telefonskim brojevima nula se izgovara kao glas "o" (ou): 32-049 - three two o four nine. (2.) lan - The Article (sedam stepeni ispod nule)

U engleskom jeziku postoje odreeni i neodreeni lan. Odreeni lan je the. On je nepromenljiv: the man, the woman, the house. Neodreeni lan je a ili an, a koristimo ispred suglasnika: a chair, a university, a year; an koristimo ispred samoglasnika: an hour, an apple, an elephant itd. Da bi ste odredili koji, i da li upotrebiti lan postavite sebi nekoliko pitanja: 1. Da li va italac zna o kome ili o emu govorite? da koristite the ne preite na sledee pitanje

2. Da li je imenica u jednini ili mnoini? jednini preite na sledee pitanje mnoini izostavite lan

3. Moe li imenica biti u mnoini, tj. da li je brojiva? (ta su brojive imenice?) Da preite na sledee pitanje Ne izostavite lan

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4. Da li govorite o pojedinanoj stvari ili uoptenoj ideji? pojedinano preite na sledee pitanje uopteno izostavite lan

5. Da li imenica poinje vokalima (a, e, i, o, u)? Da koristite an (2.1.) Odreeni lan Odreeni lan se upotrebljava: - kada se govori o odreenom licu, stvari ili pojmu: send me the book (poalji mi knjigu) - kada je re o imenici koja je blie odreena ili poznata licu koje slua ili ita: I saw the teacher (video sam uitelja), she gave the letter to her mother (dala je pismo svojoj majci); - ispred imenica koje po naem shvatanju postoje u samo jednom primerku: the Earth moves round the sun (Zemlja se okree oko Sunca); - ako imenica u jednini odreuje celu vrstu, a ne samo pojedinu stvar koja pripada toj vrsti: the Earth-satellite is faster then the aeroplane (Zemljin satelit je bri od aviona); - pred superlativima: this is the best thing you can do - ispred rednih brojeva: it is the second day of my arrival here - ispred "same": the same to you (to je najbolja stvar koju moe uiniti); Ne koristite a

(drugi je dan otkako sam stigao ovamo); (isto i vama);

- ispred imena zgrada, ustanova, brodova i sl: The Houses of Parliament (parlament), The Ministry of Defence (ministarstvo odbrane), The Majestic (hotel) itd; - ispred imena listova, asopisa, magazina: the Times; - ispred linih imena koja se sastoje od prideva i imenice: The Black Sea (Crno more), The Pacific Ocean (Tihi okean); - ispred imena naroda u mnoini: the English (Englezi); - ispred imena posle kojih dolazi "of": we signed the treaty of Locarno (potpisali smo sporazum u Lokarnu); - ispred imena reka, plananskih lanaca, jezera i mora: we climbed the Alps (popeli smo se na Alpe); - ispred prideva koji su upotrebljeni kao imenice: the poor of London (sirotinja Londona); - u nekim stalnim izrazima i frazama: he made a joke at the expense of this old woman I don't want to run the risk (naalio se na raun ove starice) (ne elim da rizikujem).

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Odreeni lan se ne upotrebljava: - ispred osobnih imenica: Jack gave me an apple (Jack mi je dao jabuku);

- bez lana su imenice koje oznaavaju porodine odnose, a lanovi su porodice: mother called me back (majka me je pozvala da se vratim); - imena dana, meseci i godinjih doba: I shall come by Monday - imena vrhova planina: Magli is the highest mountain in Bosnia (Magli je najvea planina u Bosni); - man i woman se upotrebljavaju bez lana kada oznaavaju celu vrstu, tj. ljudski rod: man is mortal (ovek je smrtan); - gradivne imenice su bez lana: the table is made of wood - misaone imenice su bez lana: I prefer music to poetry poeziju); - imena obroka su bez lana: children, come, dinner is ready spreman); (sto je napravljen od drveta); (vie volim muziku nego (doi u do ponedeljka);

(deco, doite, ruak je

- imenice kao to su: school, college, market, court, prison itd, idu bez lana ako oznaavaju rad koji se tamo obavlja: after school children go home (posle kole deca se vraaju kui), he was put in prison (stavljen je u zatvor); - uz superlativ priloga lan se ne upotrebljava: he runs best she writes quickest - lan se nikad ne upotrebljava u nekim izrazima: to be at work (biti u poslu) to catch fire (zapaliti se) to take breath (odahnuti) to set sail (isploviti) to shake hands (rukovati se) to lose courage (izgubiti hrabrost) by land (kopnom) hand in hand (ruku pod ruku) by heart (napamet) on board (na brodu). (2.2.) Neodreeni lan Neodreeni lan "a" upotrebljava se ispred rei koje poinju suglasnikom, a oblik "an" se upotrebljava ispred rei koje poinju samoglasnikom ili tihim "h": a man (ovjek), an open window (otvoren prozor), an hour (as). Neodreeni lan upotrebljava se samo sa imenicama koje imaju mnoinu. Misaone i gradivne imenice koje nemaju mnoine i koje se ne mogu brojati, nemaju neodreeni lan: I have a book (imam knjigu), ali I have time (imam vremena). (on najbolje tri), (ona pie najbre);

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Neodreeni lan nema mnoinu i ne moe se upotrebiti ispred imenice u mnoini: a house (kua), houses (kue). Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava uz imenicu koja je izdvojena iz celine ili mnotva ali koja nije posebno odreena: the boy saw a bird in the tree (deak je video pticu na drvetu). Neodreeni lan moe odrediti itavu vrstu: a cat is an animal (maka je ivotinja);

Neodreeni lan se stavlja uz razlomke: a half (polovina), a third (treina). Neodreeni lan se stavlja ispred rei koje oznaavaju vreme, broj, teinu i meru: I see him two times a week (viam ga dvaput sedmino). Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava sa reima: many, such, quite, rather, what, no less, so, too, as - ako je imenica u jednini: we have seen him many a time (videli smo ga mnogo puta), he is quite a good doctor (on je poprilino dobar doktor). Neodreeni lan se stavlja ispred rei: dozen (tuce), gross (dvanaest tuceta), score (dvadeset), hundred, thousand, million: a hundred balls (stotinu lopti). Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava s imenskim predikatom: he is a school-teacher (on je uitelj u koli). Neodreeni lan se moe upotrebiti uz apoziciju koja se dodaje nazivima knjievnih dela: "Rivals", a comedy by Sheridan ("Suparnici", eridanova komedija). Neodreeni lan upotrebljen iza "not" pojaava negaciju: I have not a single penny (nemam niti jedan jedini peni). Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava u mnogim idiomatskim izrazima, dok se u nekim isputa: to have a pain to be in hurry to be at loss as a rule on an average (imati bolove) (uriti se) (biti u neprilici) (po pravilu) (proseno).

Neodreeni lan se izostavlja: - kad se neto nabraja: my brother is a runner, swimmer and jumper (moj brat je trka, pliva i skaka);

- uz misaone i gradivne imenice koje se ne mogu brojati: he put wood on fire (stavio je drva na vatru), we have confidence in you (imamo poverenja u vas); - u sluaju kada neku titulu moe imati samo jedno lice u isto vreme: he is President of the Republic (on je predsednik republike); - posle izraza kao to su: the title of, the post of, the office of, the rank of: he holds the post of secretary (on zauzima poloaj sekretara); - posle glagola to turn (kada znai stati): he was unable to obtain a civil post he turned soldier (poto nije mogao da dobije mesto u civilu, postao je vojnik); - kada je predikat deo objekta u aktivnoj konstrukciji, i deo subjekta u pasivnoj konstrukciji: the called him fool, madman (nazvali su ga ludim, ludakom), he was made prisoner (zarobili su ga);

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- kada je re "part" upotrebljena u smislu "partly": part of the ceiling came down on people

(deo tavanice je pao na ljude);

- kada posle rei "what" koja je upotrebljena kao uzvik, dolazi imenica koja se obino ne upotrebljava u mnoini: what wisdom in so young boy (kakva mudrost u tako mladog deaka)

(3.) Glagoli - Verbs Pomoni glagoli - Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) glagol "to be" - biti glagol "to have" - imati glagol "to do" - raditi Bezlini glagoli - Impersonal Verbs Nepotpuni glagoli - Defective Verbs Pravilni i nepravilni glagoli - Regular and Irregular Verbs Prelazni i neprelazni glagoli - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Povratni glagoli - Reflexive Verbs Viereni glagoli - Multi-Word Verbs Frazalni glagoli - Phrasal Verbs Prijedloni glagoli - Prepositional Verbs Frazalni prijedloni glagoli - Phrasal-prepositional Verbs "-ing" oblici (gerund,particip prezenta) - The "-ing" Forms Direktan i indirektan govor - Direct and Indirect Speech Klauze - Clauses Kondicionali - The Conditionals Pasiv - Passive Voice Slaganje vremena - Sequence of Tenses

Sadanja vremena Sadanje prosto vreme / Simple present tense Sadanje trajno vreme / Present continuous tense Sadanje sloeno vreme / Present perfect simple tense Sadanje trajno sloeno vreme / Present perfect continuous tense Prola vremena Prosto prolo vreme / Simple past tense Prolo trajno vreme / Past continuous tense Sloeno prolo vreme / Past perfect simple tense Sloeno trajno prolo vreme / Past perfect continuous tense Budua vremena Prosto budue vreme / Simple future tense Trajno budue vreme / Future continuous tense Sloeno budue vreme / Future perfect simple tense Sloeno trajno budue vreme / Future perfect continuous tense

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(3.1.) Pomoni glagoli - Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) (3.1.1.) Pomoni glagol "to be" - Auxiliary Verb "to be" Pomoni glagoli slue za sloenih glagolskih vremena (perfekta, futura itd.) Pomoni glagoli su: be, have, do, shall, will Glagol "to be" - biti Glagoli be, have i do mogu biti pomoni glagoli i glagoli punog znaenja. Glavni delovi glagola be su: be was been Be kao pomoni glagol se upotrebljava: - za graenje trajnih vremena: I am surfing. - za graenje pasivnih vremena: The bridge was built.

(ja surfujem); (most je izgraen).

Be kao glagol punog znaenja znai postojati, iveti, stii itd. To be, or not to be. I was in Spain last year. (biti ili ne biti) (bio sam u paniji prole godine)

Be se vrlo esto upotrebljava kao dio imenskog predikata. He is ill. His brother was a sailor. Be se upotrebljava za starost, udaljenost i cenu. It is ten miles. She is twenty. This building is twenty years old. (ima deset milja) (njoj je dvadeset) (ova zgrada je stara dvadeset godina) (on je bolestan) (njegov brat je bio mornar).

Kada govorimo o osobi kaemo samo broj (She is twenty.) ali kada govorimo o stvari years i old se ne mogu izostaviti. Present Simple - Prezent I am - I'm (ja sam) you are - you're he is - he's, she's, it's we are - we're you are - you're they are - they're

I'm not (ja nisam) you're not he's, she's, it's not we're not you're not they're not

am I? (jesam li) are you? is he, she, it? are we? are you? are they?

Past Simple - Preterit (Prosto prolo vreme) I was (ja sam bio) I wasn't (ja nisam bio) you were you weren't he was he wasn't

was I? were you? was he?

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Present Perfect - Perfekt I have been (ja sam bio) you have been he has been

I haven't been you haven't been he hasn't been

have I been? have you been? has he been?

Past Perfect - Pluskvamperfekt (Pluperfekt) I had been (ja bijah bio) I had not been you had been you had not been he had been he had not been

had I been? had you been? had he been?

Futur Simple - Futur I shall be (ja u biti) you will be he will be Futur Perfect - Svreni futur I shall have been (ja u biti) you will have been he will have been

I shall not be you will not be he will not be

shall I be? will you be? will he be?

I shall not have been you will not have been he will not have been

shall I have been? will you have been? will he have been?

Present Conditional - Pogodbeni nain sadanji I should be (ja bih bio) I should not be you would be you would not be he would be he would not be Past Conditional - Pogodbeni nain proli I should have been (bio bih bio) you would have been he would have been

should I be? would you be? would he be)

I should not have been you would not have been he would not have been

should I have been? would you have been? would he have been?

Imperativ Infinitiv prezenta Infinitiv perfekta Particip prezenta Particip perfekta Gerund prezenta Gerund perfekta

be to be to have been being been - having been being having been

(3.1.2.) Pomoni glagol "to have" - Auxiliary Verb "to have" Pomoni glagoli slue za graenje sloenih glagolskih vremena (perfekta, futura itd.) Pomoni glagoli su: be, have, do, shall, will Glagol "to have" - imati

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Have kao pomoni glagol: S pomonim glagolom have grade se sledei glagolski oblici: perfekt pluskvamperfekt infinitiv perfekta particip perfekta particip perfekta i gerund proli Have kao glagol punog znaenja: - Have iza kojeg sledi infinitiv izraava obavezu. Npr: They had to leave. (morali su otii) I have to buy some chocolate for her girl. (moram kupiti okoladu za njenu devojicu) - U toj se konstrukciji moe upitni oblik graditi s pomou do ili inverzijom, a odrini pomou dodavanjem not, npr: { { Jesu li morali otii? Nisu morali otii. (I have spoken) (I had spoken) (to have spoken) (to have spoken) (having spoken).

do ili

Did they have to leave? Had they have to leave? They did not have to leave. They had not to leave.

- Osnovno znaenje glagola have kao glagola punog znaenja jeste posedovati, imati. Npr: Her brother has a motor-boat. (njen brat ima motorni amac) The baby has a blue eyes. (detece ima plave oi) - U govornom se jeziku uz have koje znai posedovati esto stavlja got. I have got znai isto kao i have. He has got a TV set. (on ima televizor) Kada have znai posedovati, ne upotrebljava se u nesvrenim vremenima. - Have se upotrebljava u nekim stalnim izrazima: to have breakfast (dorukovati) to have tea (popiti aj) to have a good time (dobro se zabavljati) Causative have Have iza kojeg slijedi objekt i particip perfekta oznaava da neko drugi vri radnju reenice po elji ili zapovijedi subjekta. Takvo have se u gramatikama obino zove causative have. Last week I had a new suit made. (prole sedmice dao sam napraviti novo odijelo) You must have your invitation cards printed. (morate dati tampati pozivnice). Iz tih prijevoda vidimo da se takvo have prevodi na na jezik glagolom 'dati'. U ovim reenicama osobito je vaan poredak rei: HAVE + OBJEKT + PARTICIP PERFEKTA Ako izmijenimo poredak rei, izmeniemo i znaenje reenice: I have weeded my garden. (oplevio sam svoj vrt) I have my garden weeded. (dajem pleviti vrt)

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Simple Present Tense - Prezent I have - I've (ja imam) you have - you've he has - he's

I haven't you haven't he hasn't

have I? have you? has he?

Past Simple Tense - Preterit I had (ja sam imao) you had he had he

I hadn't you hadn't hadn't

had I? had you? had he?

Present Perfect Tense - Perfekt I have had (ja sam imao) you have had he has had

I have not had you have not had he has not had

have I had? have you had? has he had?

The Past Perfect Tense - Pluskavamperfekt I had had (ja bejah imao) I had not had you had had you had not had he had had he had not had

had I had? had you had? had he had?

Futur Simple - Futur I shall have (ja u imati) you will have he will have Futur Perfect - Svreni futur I shall have had (ja u imati) you will have had he will have had

I shall not have you will not have he will not have

shall I have? will you have? will he have?

I shall not have had you will not have had he will not have had

shall I have had? will you have had? will he have had?

Present Conditional - Pogodbeni nain sadanji I should have (ja bih imao) I should not have you would have you would not have he would have he would not have Past Conditional - Pogodbeni nain proli I should have had (bio bih imao) I should not have had you would have had you would not have had he would have had he wuold not have had

should I have? would you have? would he have?

should I have had? would you have had? would he have had?

Imperativ Infinitiv prezenta Infinitiv perfekta Particip prezenta Particip perfekta Gerund prezenta Gerund perfekta

have to have to have had having had - having had having having had

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(3.1.3) Pomoni glagol "to do" - Auxiliary Verb "to do" Pomoni glagoli slue za graenje sloenih glagolskih vremena (perfekta, futura itd.) Pomoni glagoli su: be, have, do, shall, will Glavni oblici glagola do jesu: do did done Do kao pomoni glagol - S pomonim glagolom do gradi se upitni i odrini oblik prezenta i preterita glagola punog znaenja. Does he drive a car? You do not understand me. They did not arrive in time. (vozi li on auto) (vi me ne razumete) (nisu stigli na vreme)

- U imperativu, prezentu i preteritu upotrebljava se pomoni glagol do i u potvrdnim reenicama ako elimo istaknuti glagol. Takvo do se zove emfatino do (Emphatic do). Do sit down! I do like this cakes. (ta sedi!) (zaista volim ove kolae)

Do se esto upotrebljava da bi se izbeglo ponavljanje glavnog glagola, i to: -u kratkim odgovorima: Do you read? -Yes, I do. (itate li, itam) -uz so, iza kojeg slijedi pomoni glagol, a onda subjekt. He swims well, and so does his sister. (on dobro pliva, a isto tako i njegova sestra) -u dodatnom pitanju: You know what I mean, don't you? (znate na ta mislim, zar ne) Do kao glagol punog znaenja -Do se upotrebljava u znaenju initi, raditi. Npr: They did their job very well. He did not do what he had promised. When does she do the room? Simple Present Tense - Prezent I do (ja inim) you do he, she, it does we do you do they do Past Simple Tense - Preterit I did (ja uinih) you did he did we did you did they did Imperativ do (oni su vrlo dobro obavili svoj posao) (nije uinio to je obeao) (kada ona sprema sobu)

I do not - I don't you do not - you don't he do not - he don't we do not - we don't you do not - you don't they do not - they don't

do I? do you? does he? do we? do you? do they?

I did not - I didn't you did not - you didn't he did not - he didn't we did not - we didn't you didnot - you didn't they did not - they didn't

did I? did you? did he? did we? did you? did they?

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(3.2.) Bezlini glagoli - Impersonal Verbs Bezlini glagoli su glagoli koji se upotrebljavaju samo u 3. licu jednine sa it. Oni obino oznaavaju vremenske uslove. Npr.: Infinitiv to rain (pada kia) to hail (pada grad) to freeze (mrznuti se) to snow (pada snijeg) to thunder (grmeti) Present Simple it rains it hails it freezes it snows it thunders

Neki glagoli u treem licu jednine mogu imati bezlino znaenje. To su sledei glagoli: to seem to appear to look to feel to make (izgledati): (izgledati): (izgledati): (oseati): (initi): it seems to be true (izgleda da je istina) it appears as if it would be a change in weather (izgleda kao da e se vreme promeniti) it looks like rain (izgleda kao da e kia) it feels cold (osea se hladnoa) it makes me afraid (to me plai).

(3.3.) Nepotpuni glagoli - Defective Verbs Nepotpuni glagoli su: can (moi), may (moi, smeti), ought (trebati) i must (morati). Zajedniko za nepotpune glagole je da: - da nemaju sve oblike i vremena, - u sadanjem vremenu u treem licu nemaju nastavak "s"; - upitni im se oblik pravi inverzijom, odrini oblik obrazuju sa reicom "not"; - trae infinitiv bez "to" (izuzev glagola "ought"). Nepotpuni glagol "can" (moi, umjeti, znati) oznaava fiziku ili umnu sposobnost. Ima oblik "could" za prolo vreme (Past Tense) i za pogodbeni nain sadanji (Present Conditional): I can swim I could swim Could you show me the way, please? (umem, znam da plivam), (umeo sam da plivam), (da li biste mogli da mi pokaete put, molim?)

Glagol "can" se ne moe upotrebiti s etvrtim padeom bez nekog drugog glagola, tako ne moemo rei: I can that - ve I can do that (ja to umem).

Odrini oblik glasi "can not" ili skraeno (saeto, contracted) "can't" i "could not" ili "couldn't". Umesto glagola "can" u vremenima koje on nema upotrebljava se izraz "to be able" (moi, biti u stanju): I shall be able to this for you. (moi u to da uinim za vas). Nepotpuni glagol "may" (moi, smeti) oznaava odobravanje, doputanje, verovatnou, mogunost i elju: he may come tomorrow may I go in? may he join us? may he rest in peace! (moda e on sutra doi) (smem li ui?) (sme li da nam se pridrui?) (neka poiva u miru!).

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U prolom vremenu "may" ima svoj drugi oblik "might": He might have arrived earlier. He might be present. (mogao je ranije da stigne) (mogao bi biti prisutan).

Might izraava takoe i pogodbu. Odrini oblik glasi "may not" ili "mayn't" i "might not" ili "mightn't". Nepotpuni glagol must (morati) ima samo taj jedan oblik. Izraava primoravanje, dunost, nunost. I must take leave now. The soldiers knew that they must die. (sada se moram pozdraviti, moram otii), (vojnici su znali da moraju umreti)

U vremenima koje glagol must nema upotrebljava se glagol to have sa infinitivom bilo kog glagola sa obaveznim "to": I had to go at once. We shall have to work hard. (morao sam smesta otii) (moraemo mnogo raditi)

U odreenom obliku "must not" ne prevodimo sa "ne morati" ve "ne smeti": You must not to do this. "Ne morati" kaemo pomou glagola "need not". Skraeni oblik od "must not" je "mustn't". Nepotpuni glagol "ought" (trebati) je jedini koji se upotrebljava u infinitivu sa "to": You ought to learn more seriously. You ought to know this. (treba da ui ozbiljnije), (treba to da zna) (ne smete to uiniti)

Glagol "ought" izraava obavezu, dunost (prevodi se sa "treba", "mora" i sl.). Odrini oblik glasi "ought not", skraeno "oughtn't". Kako ovaj glagol nema prolog vremena, misao o onome to je trebalo da se dogodi izraavamo sa "ought" i infinitivom prolim (infinitiv proli glasi: "to have said", "to have left" itd.): You ought to have gone. (trebalo je da ode)

(3.4.) Pravilni i nepravilni glagoli - Regular and Irregular Verbs

Pravilni glagoli tvore preterit i particip perfekta tako da se infinitivu doda nastavak "-ed". Npr: play - played, open - opened itd. Ako se glagol u infinitivu zavrava na "-e" dodaje se samo "-d". Npr: smile - smiled, hope - hoped itd. Nepravilni glagoli tvore preterit i particip perfekta na razne naine.

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Preterit i particip perfekta imaju isti oblik: stand - stood - stood think - thought - thought Sva tri oblika su razliita: sing - sang - sung drive - drove - driven. Sva tri oblika jednaka: put - put - put hit - hit - hit

Lista najeih nepravilnih glagola: Base Form awake be beat become begin bend bet bid bite blow break bring broadcast build burn buy catch choose come cost cut dig do draw dream drive drink eat fall feel fight find fly forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang have Past Simple awoke was, were beat became began bent bet bid bit blew broke brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chose came cost cut dug did drew dreamed/dreamt drove drunk ate fell felt fought found flew forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had Past Participle awoken been beaten become begun bent bet bid bitten blown broken brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chosen come cost cut dug done drawn dreamed/dreamt driven drunk eaten fallen felt fought found flown forgotten forgiven frozen gotten given gone grown hung had

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Base Form hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay lead learn leave lend let lie lose make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run say see sell send show shut sing sit sleep speak spend stand swim take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear win write

Past Simple heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led learned/learnt left lent let lay lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent showed shut sang sat slept spoke spent stood swam took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote

Past Participle heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led learned/learnt left lent let lain lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent showed/shown shut sung sat slept spoken spent stood swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written

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(3.5.) Prelazni i neprelazni glagoli - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Prelazni glagoli su oni uz koje moe stajati objekt u akuzativu tj. direktni objekt (subject + verb + object): He speaks English. We are watching TV. I saw an elephant. (on govori engleski) (mi gledamo TV) (vidio sam slona)

Neprelazni glagoli su oni uz koje ne moe stajati direktni objekt (subject + verb [+indirect object]). He has arrived. She speaks fast. John goes to school. (on je stigao) (ona govori brzo) (John ide u kolu)

(3.6.) Povratni glagoli - Reflexive Verbs Povratni glagoli su oni kod kojih se radnja vraa na subjekt. Uz takve glagole stoje povratne zamjenice. Povratnih glagola u engleskom jeziku nema mnogo. Najei su: (obui se) (pomoi se) (povrediti se) (popraviti se) (umoriti se) (izviniti se) (hvaliti se) (zabaviti se) (utopliti se) (obui se)

to dress oneself to help oneself to hurt oneself to improve oneself to tire oneself to excuse oneself to flatter oneself to amuse oneself to warm oneself to take care of oneself

Povratni glagoli se mijenjaju ovako: infinitiv glasi: "to dress oneself" Present Simple Tense glasi: I dress myself you dress yourself he, she, it dresses himself, herself, itself we dress ourselves you dress yourselves thes dress themselves Upitni oblik: Do I dress myself? Odrini oblik: I do not dress myself Upitno-odrini oblik: Do I not dress myself? (ja oblaim sebe) (ti oblai sebe)

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(3.7) Vierijeni glagoli - Multi-word verbs

(3.7.1.) Frazalni glagoli Frazalni glagoli spadaju u grupu vierijenih glagola, tj. glagola koji se prave od glagola i jo neke rei ili vie njih. Frazalni glagoli se grade od: glagol + prilog Oni mogu biti: neprelazni (bez direktnog objekta) prelazni (sa direktnim objektom) Primeri nekih frazalnih glagola: Frazalni glagol neprelazni frazalni glagol prelazni frazalni glagol get up break down put off turn down Znaenje ustati iz kreveta prestati sa radom odgoditi odbiti Primeri I don't like to get up. He was late because his car broke down. We will have to put off They turned down the meeting. my offer. Direktni objekat

Kada su frazalni glagoli prelazni (tj. kada imaju direktni objekat), obino ih moemo rastaviti na dva dijela. Npr: They turned down my offer. They turned my offer down. (obe reenice su tane) Meutim, ako je direktni objekat zamenica, nemamo izbora, moramo razdvojiti frazalni glagol i ubaciti zamenicu. Dat je primer sa frazalnim glagolom "switch on": Tano: Tano: Tano: Netano: John John John John switched switched switched switched on on on on the radio.

the radio it

it.

(3.7.2.) Predloni glagoli se grade na sljedei nain: glagol + priedlog Iz razloga to predlozi uvek imaju direktni objekat, svi predloni glagoli imaju direktne objekte.

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Primeri: Predloni glagoli believe in look after talk about wait for Znaenje verovati u postojanje brinuti se o razgovarati o ekati (Primjeri) I believe in He is looking after Did you talk about John is waiting for Direktni objekat God. the dog me? Mary.

Predloni glagoli se ne mogu razdvajati, to znai da ne moemo umetnuti direktni objekat izmeu. Na primer, moramo rei: "look after the baby" a ne smemo rei: "look the baby after".

(3.7.3.) Frazalni predloni glagoli se grade na sledei nain: glagol + prilog + predlog

Primeri frazalnih predlonih glagola: Frazalni predloni glagoli get on with put up with attitude. look forward to you. run out of Znaenje imati prijateljski odnos sa tolerisati oekivati sa zadovoljstvom iscrpiti (Primeri ) Direktni objekat his wife. your seeing eggs.

He doesn't get on with I won't put up with I look forward to We have run out of

Poto se frazalni predloni glagoli tvore sa predlozima, uvijek imamo direktni objekat, i poput predlonih glagola ne smeju se razdvajati. We run out of fuel. We run out of it.

(3.8.) "-ing" oblici - The "-ing" forms

"-ing" oblici se grade od infinitiva i nastavka -ing, i mogu biti: gerund: particip prezenta: imenica: Hunting lions is dangerous. I am surfing. This building is our school. (lov na lavove je opasan) (ja surfujem) (ova zgrada je naa kola)

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(3.9.) Gerund - The Gerund Gerund je glagolski oblik koji ima osobine glagola i imenice. Glagolske osobine gerunda su: iza njega moe stajati prilog: He is fond of walking quickly. iza njega moe stajati objekt: I don't like reading books.

(on voli brzo hodati); (ne volim itati knjige);

moe stajati u raznim vremenima, imamo: gerund sadanji (surfing), gerund proli (having read), a kod prijelaznih glagola postoje i pasivni oblici gerunda: sadanji (being taught) i proli (having been taught). Imenike osobine gerunda su: pred njim moe stajati predlog: She's good at painting. pred njim moe stajati atribut: His being nervous is due to his illness. pred njim moe stajati genitiv: John's being lazy makes me nervous.

(ona dobro slika);

(njegova nervoza je posledica njegove bolesti); (Johnova lenost me ini nervoznim).

Iako izgleda kao glagol, gerund ima istu funkciju kao imenica, i koristi se: kao subjekat reenice: Eating people is wrong. Flying is dangerous. (jedenje ljudi je pogreno); (letenje je opasno); (jedna od njegovih dunosti je (jedna od ivotnih ugodnosti je

kao atribut glagola "to be": One of his duties is attending meetings. prisustvovanje sastancima); One of life's pleasures is having breakfast in bed. dorukovanje u krevetu);

posle prijedloga. Ako posle predloga treba doi glagol moramo koristiti gerund: She is good at painting. (ona dobro slika); Can you sneeze without opening your mouth? (moe li kinuti a da ne otvori usta); iza frazalnih glagola koji su stvoreni po principu "glagol + predlog/prilog": (to look forward, to give up, to be for/against, to take to, to put off, to keep on): She always puts off going to dentist. (ona uvek odlae odlazak zubaru); When you are going to give up smoking? (kada e prestati puiti); u sloenim imenicama: a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watching, train-spotting; posle izraza: can't help, can't stand, it's no use/good, do you mind, would you mind i pridjeva "worth" i "busy". It's no use trying to escape. (nema koristi pokuavati pobei) I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams. (ne mogu podneti kad se zaglavim u saobraaju) This site is worth visiting. (ovu stranicu vredi posetiti)

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(3.10.) Particip prezenta - The Present Participle Prezent particip veine glagola ima oblik osnova+ing, i koristi se u sledeim sluajevima: kao deo trajnog oblika glagola: I am working he was singing they have been walking

(ja radim) (on je pevao) (oni su etali);

nakon glagola pokreta/pozicije po principu: glagol+particip prezenta: She was shopping. (ona je bila u kupovini) He came running towards me. (doao je trei prema meni) She lay looking up at the clouds. (leala je gledajui u oblake) Ova tvorba je naroito korisna sa glagolom "to go", kao u sledeim primerima: to go shopping to go walking to go ski-ing to go swimming to go fishing to go running to go surfing to go dancing nakon glagola percepcije (ula) po principu glagol + objekat + particip prezenta: I heard someone singing. (uo sam nekoga kako peva) I can smell something burning! (osetim da neto gori); kao pridev: It was an amazing film. He was trapped inside the burning house.

(bio je to neverovatan film) (bio je zatoen unutar kue u plamenu);

sa glagolima catch (uhvatiti) i find (nai) po principu: glagol+izraz za vrijeme+prezent particip. Glagol "catch" sa participom prezenta izraava neku ljutnju ili pretnju: Don't let him catch you reading his letters. (ne dozvoli da te uhvati kako ita njegova pisma) If I catch you stealing my apples again, there'll be trouble! (uhvatim li te jo jednom kako krade moje jabuke, bie problema) Ovo nije sluaj sa glagolom find koji ne izraava emocije: We found some money lying on the ground. They found their mother sitting in the garden. (nali smo novca na zemlji) (nali su majku kako sedi u bati);

da zameni reenicu ili dio reenice. Kada se dve radnje deavaju u isto vreme, od strane iste osobe ili stvari, koristimo particip prezenta da ih opiemo: They went out into the snow. They laughed as they went. They went laughing into the snow. He whistled to himself. He walked down on the road. Whistling to himself, he walked down on the road. Kada jedna radnja sledi odmah iza druge, od strane iste osobe, moemo prvu radnju izraziti participom prezenta: He put on his coat and left the house. Putting on his coat, he left the house.

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She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air. Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air. Particip prezenta se moe koristiti umesto poetnih as, since, because, i izraava razlog radnje: Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge. (= because he felt hungry...) Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes. Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.

(3.11.) Direktni i indirektni govor - Direct and Indirect Speech Ako ponavljamo neije rei tano onako kako ih je neko rekao to je direktni govor (upravni govor, Direct speech), npr: on mi je rekao: "poalji mi knjigu". Ako izvetavamo ono to je neko rekao onda koristimo indirektni govor (neupravni govor, Indirect Speech or Reported Speech), npr: on mi je rekao da mu donesem knjigu. Indirektan govor se uvodi reima kao to su: he said he asked we enquired she ordered we believed I replied I answered (on ree) (un upita) (zapitali smo) (ona zapovedi) (verovasmo) (odgovorih) (odgovorih) i sl.

Pri pretvaranju direktnog u indirektan govor treba potivati pravila o slaganju vremena: sva vremena u indirektnom obliku se moraju zameniti odgovarajuim prolim oblicima prema pravilima o slaganju vremena: Direktni govor Prosto sadanje Prosto prolo Prezent perfekt Davno prolo Prosto budue Imperativ Indirektni govor Prosto prolo Davno prolo Sloeno budue Infinitiv

sve rei koje oznaavaju blizinu moraju se zamijeniti reima koje oznaavaju udaljenost;

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Prema ovim pravilima: am do shall will have, has can may must this these here now today tomorrow yesterday last night postaje " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " was did should would had could might had to that those there then that day the next day the day before the night before (On ree: "Ja ne razumem ovo pismo") (on ree da ne razume to pismo)

D: He said: "I do not understand this letter." I: He said that he didn't understand this letter.

D: She said: "I am going to come soon again." (Ona ree: "Doi u uskoro ponovo".) I: She said that she was going to come soon again. (ona ree da e uskoro ponovo doi) ako se u indirektnom govoru saopava tue pitanje, onda je potrebno pored pomenutih pravila obratiti panju jo i na sledee: -umesto glagola "say" upotrebiemo glagol "ask"; -ako pitanje ne sadri nikakvu upitnu re (kao to su what, how, when itd.), onda pitanje u indirektnom govoru mora poeti sa "if" ili "whether".

Primjeri: D: She said to her brother: "What are you doing?" (ona ree svom bratu: "ta radi?") I: She asked her brother what he was doing. (ona upita svog brata ta radi) D: They asked me: "Do you speak Spanish." I: They asked me whether I speak Spanish. (upitali su me: "Da li govorite panski?") (upitali su me da li govorim panski)

da bi se u indirektnom govoru izrazila zapoved, upotrebljava se infinitiv i uvodi glagol "tell": D: Father said to his son: "Be careful of yourself." I: Father told his son to be careful of himself. (3.12.) Klauze - Clauses Klauza je grupa rei koja sadri vezu subjekat-glagol (za razliku od fraza koje ne sadre vezu subjekat-glagol). Klauze se dele na: nezavisne (independent clauses) zavisne (dependent or subordinate clauses). Takoe, dele se i na: neophodne (restrictive or essential clauses) nebitne (nonrestrictive or nonessential clauses). (otac ree sinu: "Pazi se"). (otac ree svom sinu da se pazi).

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Neophodne klauze su kljune za znaenje reenice i ne mogu se izbaciti, jer bi u tom sluaju znaenje reenice bilo promenjeno. All students who do their work should pass easily. Nebitne klauze nisu neophodne za znaenje reenice i mogu se izbaciti iz nje. Obino se odvajaju zarezima (ako se nalaze u sredini): Professor Villa, who used to be a secretary for the President, can type 132 words a minute. Giuseppe said that the plantar wart, which had been bothering him for years, had to be removed. (neophodna i nebitna klauza)

(3.12.1.) Nezavisne i zavisne klauze Nezavisne klauze mogu stajati samostalno, kao reenica, dok zavisne moraju biti udruene sa nezavisnom klauzom. Dve nezavisne klauze mogu biti povezane sa: dopunskim veznikom (coordinating conjunction): Today is Tuesday and our papers are due Wednesday. veznim prilogom (conjunctive adverb): I need to study for my test; in fact I am going to the library now. (u ovom sluaju, koritena je i oznaka taka-zarez (;) da se razdvoje dve klauze) odnosnim veznikom (correlative conjunction): George not only finished his paper on time, but he also got an A+. oznakom taka-zarez (;): This is one of English classes; Shakespeare is my other. dvotakom (ponekad): She received the assignment: it is to be turned in next Friday.

Zavisne klauze mogu biti: pridevske (adjective clauses) priloke (adverb clauses) imenike (noun clauses)

-Pridevske klauze opisuju imenice ili zamenice, i skoro uvijek dolaze poslije imenica ili zamenica. Veina pridevskih klauza poinje sa: who, whom, which ili that. Ponekad se ove rei ne moraju nalaziti u reenici ali se podrazumevaju. The book that is on the floor should be returned to the library. (knjiga koja je na podu bi se trebala vratiti u biblioteku) The bridge that collapsed in the winter storm will cost millions to replace. (most koji se sruio u zimskoj oluji e kotati milione za popravku) My brother, who is an engineer, figured it out for me. (moj brat, koji je inenjer, je shvatio to za mene)

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-Priloke klauze obino dopunjuju glagole i mogu se pojaviti bilo gde u reenici. Oni kau zato, gde ili pod kojim uslovima se radnja odvijala. Za razliku od pridevskih klauza, priloke klauze se esto mogu pomerati u reenici. Npr: When the timer rings, we know the cake is done. We know the cake is done when the timer rings. Priloke klauze uvek poinju sa zavisnim veznikom, koji uvodi klauzu i izraava njenu vezu sa ostatkom reenice. When the movie is over, we'll go downtown. John wanted to write a book because he had so much to say about the subject. -Imenike klauze nisu rei koje dopunjuju druge rei za razliku od prideva i priloga. U reenici funkcioniraju kao subjekat, direktni objekat ili predloki objekat. Imenika klauza obino poinje sa: that, which, who, whoever, whomever, whose, what i whatsoever. Takoe, mogu poinjati i sa zavisnim veznicima: how, when, where, whether, why. What he knows [subjekat] is no concern of mine. Do you know what he knows [objekat]? In fact, he wrote a book about what he had done over the years [objekat predloga]. Whoever wins the game will play in the tournament. (3.12.2.) Relativne klauze Relativne klauze (relative clauses) se zavisne klauze koje dopunjuju (menjaju) imenice ili zamenice. Uvode se relativnim zamjenicama: who, whom, which, that, whose. Mogu biti neophodne (restrictive or essential) ili nebitne (nonrestrictive or nonessential) klauze. U relativnoj klauzi, relativna zamenica je subjekat glagola i odnosi se na neto s im je klauza u vezi. Giuseppe said that the plantar wart, which had been bothering him for years, had to be removed. (U ovoj reenici podvuene rei ine neophodnu klauzu, s toga nee biti odvojene zarezima. Nakoena (italic) slova ine relativnu nebitnu klauzu, zbog ega su odvojene zarezima od ostatka reenice, a u ovom sluaju dopunjuje re "wart") Ponekad relativne klauze mogu da se donose na vie od jedne rei u tekstu, tj. mogu da dopunjuju, opisuju celu klauzu ili ak vie njih. Charlie didn't get the job in administration, which really surprised his friends. Charlie didn't get the job in administration, and he didn't even apply for the Dean's position, which really surprised his friends. Relativna klauza koja dopunjuje celu klauzu ili vie njih se naziva reenina klauza (sentential clause).

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(3.12.3.) Eliptine klauze Eliptine klauze (elliptical clauses) su gramatiki nepotpune, u smislu da im nedostaje relativna zamenica (zavisna re) koja inae uvodi takvu klauzu. Rei eliptine klauze koje nedostaju se mogu naslutiti iz konteksta i veina italaca ne osea da neto nedostaje. U stvari, eliptine klauze su tane ali i korisne, jer su esto elegantne i efikasne u izrazu. Coach Espinoza knew [that] this team would be the best [that] she had coached in recent years. Though [they were] sometimes nervous on the court, her recruits proved to be hard workers. Sometimes the veterans knew the recruits could play better than they [could play].

(3.13.) Kondicionali - The conditionals Kondicional se gradi od pomonog glagola "should" i "would", i infinitiva bez "to" glagola kojeg menjamo. Sadanji kondicional se gradi sa should i would i infinitivom prezenta, a proli kondicional se gradi sa should i would i infinitivom perfekta glagola kojeg menjamo. Sadanji kondicional { I should take - uzeo bih you should take - ti bi uzeo itd. I should have taken - bio bih uzeo you should have taken - ti bio uzeo itd

Proli kondicional

Odrini oblik se gradi tako to se iza should i would stavi "not": I should not take. I should not have taken. Upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom: should I take? should I have taken? (da li bih uzeo?) (da li bih bio uzeo?) (ne bih uzeo) (ne bih bio uzeo).

Sadanji i proli kondicional se koriste pri gradnji pogodbenih reenica. Struktura veine pogodbenih reenica je veoma jednostavna, i izgleda ovako: if If ili posledica 2y=20 if if uslov y=10 uslov posledica y=10 2y=20

To znai ako (if) je odreeni uslov zadovoljen, onda (then) e doi do neke posledice. Pogodbene reenice se takoe zovu i kondicionalima, a ponekad ih nazivamo "if reenicama", jer esto (ali ne i uvek) u njima se upotrebljava re "if". Ovdje e biti obraene tri osnovna tipa kondicionala i tzv. nulti-kondicional. Prvi kondicional (First Conditional) Drugi kondicional (Second Conditional) Trei kondicional (Third Conditional) Nulti-kondicional (Zero Conditional)

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(3.13.1.) Prvi kondicional - realna mogunost (First conditional: real possibility) Govorimo o budunosti. Razmiljamo o nekom uslovu ili situaciji u budunosti, i njenoj posledici. Postoji stvarna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti. Na primer, jutro je, kod kue ste i planirate igrati tenis popodne. Meutim na nebu se javljaju oblaci, zamislite da pone padati kia. ta ete uraditi? If it rains, I will stay at home. (ako bude padala kia, ostau kod kue) If If uslov it rains prosto sadanje vreme posledica I will stay at home. budue vreme

Treba primetiti da kia jo nije pala, meutim nebo je oblano i postoji realna mogunost (real possibility) da e kia pasti. Kao to vidite da bi izrazili mogui uslov koristili smo sadanje prosto vreme (Present Simple Tense). Za izraavanje mogue posledice koristili smo futur. Najvanije je zapamtiti da kod prvog kondicionala postoji realna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti. posledica budue vreme I will tell Mary What will you do Their teacher will be sad if if if if if uslov prosto sadanje vreme I see her. it rains tomorrow. they do not pass the exam.

Ponekad moemo koristiti: shall, can ili may umesto will, na primer: If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight. veeras) (ako bude danas dobar, moe gledati TV

(3.13.2.) Drugi kondicional - nevjerovatna mogunost (Second conditional - unreal possibility or dream) Kod drugog kondicionala, kao i kod prvog, razmiljamo o nekom uslovu u budunosti, i rezultatu tog uslova, meutim, za raziliku od prvog kondicionala, ovde ne postoji realna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti. Na primer: veeras je izvlaenje brojeva lota, niste kupili loto listi, i ne postoji nikakva ansa da ete dobiti novac. Ali moda ete kupiti listi do veeras, i onda postoji ansa, ali je to neverovatna mogunost, jer su izgledi opet jako mali da izvuku va listi. If If If If If If uslov prosto prolo vreme I married Mary it snowed next July Ram became rich I won the lottery posledica kondicional sadanji I would be happy. would you be suprised? she would marry him. I would by a car.

Primjetite, da kod drugog kondicionala koristimo prosto prolo vrijeme za izraavanje uslova, a sadanji kondicional za izraavanje eventualne posledice. Bitna stvar kod drugog kondicionala je da ne postoji realna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti, tj. anse su jako male da e se uslov ispuniti. Ponekad, umesto glagola would koristimo should, could or might: If I won a million dollars, I could stop working. (da dobijem milion dolara, mogao bih prestati raditi)

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(3.13.3.) Trei kondicional - bez mogunosti (Third conditional - no possibility) Kod prvog i drugog kondicionala govorimo o budunosti, meutim kod treeg govorimo o prolosti, govorimo o uslovu u prolosti koji se nije dogodio. Zbog toga ne postoji mogunost da se uslov ispuni. Prole sedmice ste kupili loto listi ali niste dobili . If If If If If If uslov sloeno prolo vreme (past perfect) I had won the lottery I had seen Mary it had rained yesterday Tara had been free yesterday posledica kondicional proli I would have bought a car. I would have told her. what would you have done? I would have invited her. (da nisu poloili ispit,

If they had not passed their exam, their teacher would have been sad. njihov uitelj bi bio tuan)

Da bi smo izrazili uslov u prolosti koji se nije ostvario koristili smo sloeno prolo vreme (past perfect), dok za izraavanje posledice koja se nee dogoditi smo koristili kondicional proli. Bitna stvar kod treeg kondicionala je da ne postoji sada nikakva ansa da se uslov i posledica dogode. Ponekad umesto would have koristimo should have, could have, might have: If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won. (da si kupio listi lota, mogao si dobiti)

(3.13.4.) Nulti kondicional - sigurno ispunjenje uslova (Zero conditional - certainty) Tzv. nulti kondicional koristimo kada je uslov uvek taan, poput neke opte poznate injenice. Na primer, ako zagrevamo led iznad 0 stepeni on e se poeti topiti. If If If uslov prosto sadanje vreme you heat ice posledica prosto sadanje vreme it melts.

Vano je napomenuti da kod nultog kondicionala ne govorimo ni o prolosti, ni o sadanjosti ni o budunosti, ve jednostavno priamo o nekoj opepoznatoj injenici. Da bi izrazili uslov i posljedicu koristimo prosto sadanje veme. Najvanije kod nultog kondicionala je zapamtiti da uslov ima uvek istu posledicu. If if If If If uslov prosto sadaenje vreme I miss the 8 o'clock bus I am late for work people don't eat posledica prosto sadanje vreme I am late for work. my boss gets angry. they get hungry.

Takoe, umesto if moemo koristiti when: When I get up late I miss by bus. (kada ustanem kasno, zakasnim na autobus)

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(3.13.5.) Kondicionali - ukratko glavna reenica budue vrijeme kondicional sadanji kondicional proli prosto sadanje vrijeme "if" reenica sadanje vrijeme prosto budue vrijeme sloeno prolo vrijeme prosto sadanje vrijeme

Tip kondicionala Prvi kondicional Drugi kondicional Trei kondicional Nulti kondicional

Sledea tabela daje prikaz kondicionala po verovatnosti ispunjenja uslova. Naravno, procenti za prvi i drugi kondicional su dati samo orijentaciono za poreenje. verovatnoa kondicional primer 100% 50% 5% 0% nulti prvi drugi trei If you heat ice, it melts. If it rains, I will stay at home. If I won the lottery, I would buy a car. If I had won a lottery, I would have bought a car. vreme budunost budunost prolost

(3.14.) Trpno stanje (pasiv) - Passive Voice subjekat + pomoni glagol "to be" + particip proli glavnog glagola Trpno stanje (pasiv) mogu imati samo prelazni glagoli, tj. takvi koji uz sebe mogu imati objekat. Pasiv pokazuje da subjekat ne vri radnju, ve da se radnja vri na subjektu: The road has been repaired. (put je popravljen)

Pasivni oblici se grade tako to se uzme ono vrijeme glagola "to be" koje nam je potrebno i doda se particip proli glagola kojeg menjamo. To znai, da se pasivni prezent gradi od prezenta glagola "to be" i participa prolog glagola koji menjamo. Aktivnu reenicu moemo pretvoriti u pasivnu ako se glagol stavi u trpno stanje, subjekat aktivne reenice postaje objekat pasivne, i ispred njega se stavlja predlog "by": A: Everybody drinks water. P: Water is drunk by everybody. aktiv pasiv subjekat Everybody Water glagol drinks is drunk (svi piju vodu) (voda se pije od svih) objekat water by everybody.

A: I wrote this letter. (ja sam napisao ovo pismo) P: This letter was written by me. (pismo je napisano od mene) Neprelazni glagoli mogu postati prelazni ako im se doda predlog. Trpno stanje se upotrebljava mnogo ee u engleskom jeziku nego u naem, koristi se: kada subjekat koji vri radnju nije poznat: My car has been stollen. She was given a nice birthday present. (ukraden mi je auto) (dobila je lep poklon za roendan)

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ako se ne eli pomenuti vrilac radnje: I have been told that you are engaged. She was said to have left her husband. (reeno mi je da ste se verili) (pria se da je ostavila svog mua)

ako nije potrebno pomenuti vrioca radnje jer to proizilazi iz konteksta (smisla) reenice ili nije bitno za smisao da mora biti pomenut: Mistakes are always made. (greke se uvek prave)

ako je subjekat pasivne reenice vaniji od vrioca radnje: The "Tower" was written by Mea Selimovi. (Roman "Tvrava" je napisana od strane Mee Selimovia) The boy was punished by his father. (deko je kanjen od svog oca) Aleksa was attended by his sister during his illness. (Aleksu je njegova sestra negovala za vreme bolesti) Bezlini oblici u naem jeziku kao to su "kae se", "razume se", "podrazumeva se" u engleskom jeziku se iskazuju u treem licu jednine srednjeg roda: it is understood that is known it is said (razume se, podrazumeva se) (to se zna) (pria se)

Konjugacija pasiva u veini moguih vremena:

infinitiv simple present past future conditional present past future conditional present past future conditional present past future conditional

to be called it is called it was called it will be called it would be called it is being called it was being called it will be being called it would be being called it has been called it has been called it will have been called it would have been called it has been being called it had been being called it will have been being called it would have been being called

continous

perfect simple

perfect continous

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(3.15.) Slaganje vremena - Sequence of Tenses (3.15.1.) Slaganje glagolskih vremena Tabele ispod pokazuju ispravno slaganje vremena u reenicama kod kojih je vreme od vitalnog znaaja. Vreme u glavnoj reenici Vreme u zavisnoj reenici Da se izrazi istovremena radnja, koristite sadanje prosto vreme. Da se izrazi prola radnja, koristite prosto prolo vreme. Sadanje prosto (Simple Present) Da se izrazi radnja koja je poela u trenu u prolosti i traje do danas, koristite present perfect. Da izrazite radnju koja e se desiti, koristite prosto budue vreme. They believe that they have elected the right candidate. Primer I am eager to go to the concert because I love the Wallflowers. I know that I made the right choice.

The President says that he will veto the bill.

Da izrazite drugu zavrenu radnju, koristite prosto prolo vreme. Prosto prolo vreme (Simple Past) Da izrazite radnju koja se desila prije druge radnje koristite past perfect. Da izrazite ope poznatu injenicu koristite sadanje vreme.

I wanted to go home because I missed my parents. She knew she had made the right choice.

The Deists believed that the universe is like a giant clock.

Prezent perfekt ili past perfekt (Present Perfect or Past Perfect)

U svakom sluaju koristite prolo vreme.

She has grown a foot since she turned nine. The crowd had turned nasty before the sheriff returned.

Budue vreme (Futur)

Da izrazite istovremenu radnju koristite sadanje vreme. Da izrazite radnju koja se desila ranije, koristite prolo vreme. Da se izrazi radnja u budunosti koja e se desiti prije radnje u nezavisnoj reenici, koristite prezent perfekt.

I will be so happy if they fix my car today. You will surely pass this exam if you studied hard. The college will probably close its doors next summer if enrollments have not increased Most students will have taken sixty credits by the time they graduate. Most students will have taken sixty credits by the time they have graduated.

Predbudue vreme, svreni futur (Future Perfect Tense)

U svakom sluaju koristite sadanje vreme ili prezent perfekt.

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(3.15.2.) Slaganje vremena sa infinitivima i participima Infinitiv Vreme infinitiva Uloga infinitiva Primer Coach Espinoza is eager to try out her new drills. ["eagerness" je sada; "to try out" e se desiti posle.] She would have liked to see more veterans returning. [Infinitiv prezenta "to see" je u istom trenutku kao i prolo vreme "would have liked".] The fans would like to have seen some improvement this year. ["Would like" opisuje stanje u sadanjosti; "to have seen" opisuje neto pre tog vremena.] They consider the team to have been coached very well. [Infinitiv perfekta to have been coached ukazuje na radnju prije glagola consider.]

Infinitiv sadanji (Present Infinitive, to see)

Da se izrazi istovremena radnja ili radnja posle glagola.

Infnitiv perfekta (Perfect Infinitive, to have seen)

Da se izrazi radnja koja se desila pre glagola.

Participi Vreme participa Prezent participa (Present of Participle, seeing) Uloga participa Da se izrazi radnja koja se deava u isto vreme kada i glagol. Primeri Working on the fundamentals, the team slowly began to improve. [Unapreujui osnove, tim je poeo polahko napredovati, radnja se deava u paralelno, u isto vreme]

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Particip proli ili particip prezent perfekta (Past Participle or Present Perfect Participle

Da se izrazi radnja koja se deava pre glagola.

Having experimented with several game plans, the coaching staff devised a master strategy. [Particip prezent perfekta "having experimented", ukazuje na vreme pre glagola u prolom vremenu "devised".]

Prepared by last year's experience, the coach knows not to expect too much. [Radnja izraena pomou glagola u prezentu "knows", je posledica glagola u prolom vremenu "prepared".]

(3.16.) Sadanje vreme (3.16.1.) Sadanje prosto vreme - Simple Present Tense Sadanje vreme svih glagola obrazuje se tako da se uz glagolska vremena uvek stavljaju line zamenice. Jedino se tree lice jednine prezenta razlikuje od ostalih lica, jer dobija nastavak "-s" ili "-es", osim glagola: to be - biti, to have - imati, can, may - moi, must - morati, ought - trebati. Nastavak "-s" za sadanje vreme izgovara se kao "s" ako dolazi iza bezvunog suglasnika, ili "z" ako dolazi iza zvunog suglasnika ili samoglasnika: he speaks (hi spi:ks), he reads (hi ri:dz). Glagoli koji se zavravaju na s, x, z, sh i ch obrazuju tree lice nastavkom jednine nastavkom "-es": he dresses, he teaches. Glagoli koji se u infinitivu zavravaju na "-y", kad pred tim "y" stoji suglasnik, menjaju "y" u "i", u treem licu jednine: to cry (he cries), to try (to tries). Odrini oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vreme pomonog glagola "to do", pa se zatim doda negacija "not" i infinitiv glagola koji se menja, bez predloga "to": I write (ja piem) - I do not write, I don't write Upitni oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vreme pomonog glagola "to do" u inverziji i infinitiv glagola koji se mijenja, bez prijedloga "to". You write (ti pie) Do you write? (pie li?)

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Sadanje prosto vreme se upotrebljava: da oznai radnju ije trajanje nije odreeno: I write (ja piem), I work (ja radim); da potvrdi jednu poznatu istinu: fish live in water (ribe ive u vodi); da oznai radnju koja se vri po navici: I always rise early (uvek ustajem rano); da oznai radnju koja se ponavlja: I have an English lesson three times a week (imam as engleskog tri puta sedmino).

The sun rises. past present future

Sunce izlazi svaki dan, pre, sada i posle.

Jenny is not here. past present future

Jenny trenutno nije prisutna.

to call - zvati I call you call he, she, it calls we call you call they call ja zovem ti zove on, ona , ono zove mi zovemo vi zovete oni, one, ona zovu I do not call you do not call he, she, it does not call we do not call you do not call they do not call do I call? do you call? does, he ,she, it call? do we call? do you call? do they call?

(3.16.2.) Sadanje trajno vreme - Present Continuous Tense prezent glagola "to be" + prezent particip glavnog glagola

I am speaking you are speaking he, she, it is speaking we are speaking you are speaking they are speaking

(ja govorim)

Present participle se pravi dodavanjem glagolu nastavka "-ing". Meutim, ponekad moramo malo promeniti re, verovatno udvostruiti ili izostaviti jedno slovo.

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Ako se glagol zavrava na: suglasnik - naglaeni vokalsuglasnik zadnje slovo se udvostruava: s t o p suglasnik naglaeni vokal suglasnik Izuzetak 1 run stop begin > > > running stopping beginning

Ovo pravilo ne vai kada naglasak nije na zadnjem slogu glagola: open > opening

Ako glagol zavrava na ie, menjamo ie u y: Izuzetak 2 lie die Izuzetak 3 > > lying dying

Ako glagol zavrava na vokal + suglasnik + e, izostavljamo e: come mistake > > coming mistaking

Present Continuous Tense (sadanje trajno vreme) se upotrebljava: da oznai radnju koja se vri u vremenu kada o njoj govorimo: I am learning English now. (sada uim engleski)

You are reading this now. (sada ovo itate) past present Radnja se dogaa sada. future

Knjiga ...the pages are turning.

Svea ...the candle is burning.

Devojka ...the girl is dancing.

Meutim, radnja se ne mora odvijati tano sada, ali se deavala neto ranije i moda e se deavati poslije trenutka kada o njoj govorimo: She is reading a book. past present future

Ona moda ne ita knjigu tano sada. da oznai radnju ije je trajanje neprekidno, i tada se obino upotrebljavaju prilozi always, constantly, forever itd: The Sun is rising constantly. (Sunce izlazi svaki dan) You are always complaining about your mother-in-law. (uvek se alite na svoju tatu)

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da se izrazi radnja koja je ve isplanirana i desie se u budunosti: I'm meeting my girlfriend tonight. (veeras u se nai sa devojkom) Glagoli koji oznaavaju neko stanje, a ne radnju, obino se ne koriste u trajnom obliku. Lista glagola koji se veinom koriste u "simple" formi: ula (percepcija) feel*, hear, see*, smell, taste miljenje assume, feel, consider, doubt, feel (misliti), find (misliti), suppose, think* mentalna stanja forget, imagine, know, mean, notice, recognise, remember, understand emocije/elje envy, fear, dislike, hate, hope, like, love, mind, prefer, regret, want, wish merenja contain, cost, hold, measure, weigh ostali look (biti slian), seem, be (u veini sluajeva), have (kada znai posedovati)

- glagoli ula (feel, see, hear, taste,smell) se esto koriste sa glagolom 'can': I can see... (mogu videti) itd. - * Ovi glagoli mogu se koristiti u trajnoj formi ali sa drugim znaenjem, npr: This coat feels nice and warm. (ovaj brod je lep i udoban, to je naa percepcija, oseaj kvaliteta broda) John's feeling much better now. (Don se osea mnogo bolje sada, njegovo zdravlje se poboljava); She has three dogs and a cat. (ona ima tri psa i maku, posedovanje) She's having supper. (ona veera, ona jede); I can see Anthony in the garden. I'm seeing Anthony later. (vidim Anthony-a u bati, percepcija) (susreu Anthony-a kasnije, planiramo se susresti)

to call - zvati I'm calling you're calling he, she, it's calling we're calling you're calling they're calling I'm not calling you aren't calling he, she, it isn't calling we aren't calling you aren't calling you aren't calling am I calling? are you calling? is he, she, it calling? are we calling? are you calling? are they calling?

(3.16.3.) Sloeno sadanje vreme - Present Perfect Simple Tense pomoni glagol "to have" + past particip glavnog glagola Sloenim sadanjim vremenom se izraava povezanost izmeu prolosti i sadanjosti, tano vreme deavanja radnje nije naznaeno, to znai da smo vie zainteresirani za rezultat radnje nego za samu radnju. Kada bi smo rekli kada se radnja odvija morali bismo upotrebiti prolo vreme (past simple tense).

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Sloeno sadanje vreme se koristi: da se opie radnja ili stanje koje je poelo u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti: This website has been in existence for 5 years, 10 months, and 20 days. (ova stranica postoji ve...); I have lived in Sarajevo since 1970. (ivim u Sarajevu od 1970-te, i jo uvek ivim); da se izrazi radnja koja je zavrena u vremenskom periodu koji jo traje: I have been to Novi Sad this week. jo nije zavrena); (ove nedelje sam putovao u Novi Sad, sedmica

da se oznai radnja koja je zavrena nekad u prolosti, ali je rezultat radnje vaan: I have buoght a car. (kupio sam auto, vano je da je auto kupljen, nije bitno kada); uz priloge koji oznaavaju neprekidan razmak vremena: ever, never, yet, already, since, for: Have you ever been to Serbia? (jeste li ikada bili u Srbijii?); da se izrazi radnja koja se upravo dogodila (uz priloge "just'' ili ''just now''): The guests have just entered the hall. (gosti su upravo uli u dvoranu). Amerikanci ne koriste sloeno sadanje vreme toliko kao Britanci. Amerikanci ee upotrebljavaju prolo vreme umesto sloenog sadanjeg vremena. Amerikanac bi rekao: "Did you have lunch?", dok bi Britanac rekao: "Have you had lunch?". to call - zvati I have called (ja sam zvao) you have called he, she, it has called we have called you have called they have called

I haven't called you haven't called he, she, it hasn't called we haven't called you haven't called they haven't called

have I called? have you called? have he, she, it called? have we called? have you called? have they called?

(3.16.4.) Nesvreni perfekt - Present Perfect Continuous Tense prezent perfekt glagola "to be" (have/has been) + prezent particip glavnog glagola I have been playing You have been working Upitni oblik se pravi konverzijom: Have I been playing? Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem rei "not": I have not been playing. Kada piemo present continous, esto se upotrebljavaju skraenice: I have been - I've been itd. Present Perfect Continous Tense koristimo: da izrazimo radnju koja je nedavno ili upravo zavrila. I obino imamo sada imamo neku posledicu: I'm tired because I've been running. past present future

!!!!!
radnja koja se desila nedavno sad-imamo posledicu -

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I'm tired because I've running. (umoran sam (sada) jer sam trao) Why is the grass wet? Has it been raining? (zato je trava vlana (sada)? je li padala kia?) You don't understand because you haven't been listening. (ne razumete (sada), jer niste sluali). da izrazimo radnju radnju koja je poela u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti, u ovom sluaju esto se koriste for i since: I've been reading for two hours. past present future

radnja poela u prolosti

nastavlja se u sadanjosti

I've been reading for two hours. (itam ve dva sata, i jo uvijek itam) How long have you been learning English? (koliko dugo ui engleski? a jo ga ui) We have not been smoking. (nismo puili, a ni sada ne puimo). Kako je ranije napomenuto uz present perfect continuous esto koristimo "for" i "since". For koristimo kada priamo o razdoblju vremena: 5 minuta, 7 sedmica, 20 godina. Ako to razdoblje see do sadanjeg trenutka upotrebljavamo uz for perfekt, a ako je to razdoblje zavreno moramo upotrebiti past simple (preterit). Tara hasn't been feeling well for two weeks. ali Tara didn't feel well for two weeks, and now she feels well. dve sedmice, a sada se osea dobro). (Tara se nije dobro oseala ve (Tara se ne osea dobro ve dve sedmice)

Since koristimo kada znamo od koje vremenske take se odvija radnja: u 9 sati, 7. januara, u petak. for period vremena since od vremenske take

20 minutes three days six months a long time ever itd.

6.15 am Monday January I left school the beginning of time itd.

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I've been studying for three hours. I've been watching TV since 7pm. Tara hasn't been visiting us since March.

(uim ve tri sata) (gledam TV od 7 sati posle podne) (Tara nas nije posetila od Marta)

For se moe koristiti u svim vremenima, since se obino koristi samo sa perfect vremenima.

to call - zvati I have been calling you have been calling you he, she, it has been calling we have been calling we you have been calling they have been calling (3.17.) Prola vremena (3.17.1) Prolo svreno vreme - Past Simple Tense Da bi napravili prolo svreno vreme koristimo infinitiv i proli oblik (preterit) glagola. I have not been calling have not been calling he, she, it has not been calling have not been calling you have not been calling they have not been calling have I been calling? have you been calling? has he, she, it been calling? have we been calling? have you been calling? have they been calling?

infinitiv

preterit

past particip

pravilni glagoli

work explode like

worked exploded liked

worked exploded liked

Proli oblik svih glagola zavrava na -ed.

nepravilni glagoli

go see sing

went saw sang

gone seen sung

Proli oblik nepravilnih glagola se ne gradi po nekom pravilu i ui se napamet.

Tvorba prolog svrenog vremena: a) potvrdna reenica:

Past particip nam nije potreban pri graenju prolog vremena.

subjekat + glavni glagol u prolom obliku (preteritu) I lived in that house when I was young. She played basketball last week. b) odrina reenica: subjekat + preterit od "do" + not + infinitiv glavnog glagola He didn't like the movie. Mary did not go to work last Monday. (nije mu se dopao film) (Mary nije otila na posao prolog ponedeljka) (iveo sam u toj kui kada sam bio mlad) (ona je igrala koarku prole sedmice)

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c) upitna reenica: preterit od "do"+ subjekat + infinitiv glavnog glagola Did you play tennis last week. Did he watch TV last night. (je si li igrao tenis prole sedmice) (je li gledao TV prole sedmice)

Glagol did (preterit od "do") u svim licima ima isti oblik. I did not go to London. You did not go to London. He did not go to London. itd. (nisam bio u Londonu)

Glagol be nema u svim licima isti oblik, upitnu reenicu pravimo zamenom subjekta i glagola. I, he, she, it was here. - Was I, he, she, it here? You were here. - were you here? Ako glagol zavrava na suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak naglaen vokal, krajnji samoglasnik se udvostruava: plan - planned skip - skipped Krajnje "l" se uvek udvostruava: level - levelled call - called Ako glagol zavrava na "-y" ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik, taj se "y" mijenja u "i": worry - worried cry - cried Prosto prolo vreme koristimo: a) da se izrazi radnja koja se desila u prolosti i potpuno zavrila pa nema nikakve veze sa sadanjou: I was in Liverpool last year. (bio sam u Liverpulu prole godine); b) da se izrazi radnja koja je trajala neko vreme u prolosti bez ikakve veze sa sadanjou: We went to school when we were children. (ili smo u kolu kada smo bili deca); c) kada govorimo o stvarima koje elimo da se dogode ili bi trebalo da se dogode: It's time they were back. (vreme je da se vrate) I wish I had a new computer. (voleo bih da imam novi kompjuter) d) u zavisnoj reenici ako je u glavnoj prosto prolo vreme (slaganje vremena): The policeman told me I drove to much. (policajac mi je rekao da sam previe vozio) Kada kaemo kada ili gde se radnja dogodila, moramo koristiti prosto prolo vreme, a ne sloeno sadanje vreme (present perfect tense). to call - zvati I called (ja sam zvao) you called he, she, it called we called you called they called

I didn't call you didn't call he, she, it didn't call we didn't call you didn't call they didn't call

did I call? did you call? did he, she, it call? did we call? did you call? did they call?

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(3.17.2.) Prolo trajno vreme - The Past Continuous Tense prolo vrijeme glagola "to be" + particip prezenta glavnog glagola (ona je itala) (mi smo igrali)

She was reading. We were playing. Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem reice not: She was not reading - She wasn't reading. Upitni oblik se pravi inverzijom: Was she playing? Were we playing? Nesvreni preterit se upotrebljava:

da se opie pozadina, odnosno da se pred itaoce postavi scena prie pisana u prolom vremenu. Obino pria poinje nesvrenim preteritom, a zatim se nastavlja prolim vremenom, npr: "James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard. Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box..."; da se opie radnja koja je trajala do trenutka kada ju je prekinula neka druga prola radnja: I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang. (divno sam sanjao kada se alarm oglasio); I was watching TV when you telephoned. (gledao sam TV kada si nazvao) da se izrazi promjena miljenja: I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to go on an excursion instead. (mislio sam provesti dan na plai ali sam odluio otii na ekskurziju) za dve radnje koje se deavaju istovremeno: The children were playing while their mothers were chatting. dok njihove majke avrljale) (deca su se igrala

u zavisnoj reenici umesto nesvrenog prezenta ako je u glavnoj reenici preterit: I knew that he was talking to her about her daughter. njom razgovara o njenoj keri). (znao sam da se sa

Kod glagola koji se ne koriste u trajnom obliku upotrebljava se obini preterit.

to call - zvati I was calling you were calling. he, she, it was calling we were calling you were calling they were calling I was not calling you were not calling he, she, it wasn't calling we weren't calling you weren't calling they weren't calling was I calling? were you calling? was he, she, it calling? were we calling? were you callingg? were they calling?

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(3.17.3.) Pluskvamperfekat (davno prolo vreme) - The Past Perfect Tense subjekat + simple past od "to have" + past particip glavnog glagola U odrinim reenicama ubacujemo reicu not izmeu pomonog i glavnog glagola, a upitnu reenicu pravimo zamenom subjekta i pomonog glagola. Past Perfect Tense (pluperfekt) se upotrebljava: 1) da bi se izrazila radnja u prolosti koja se desila prije neke druge radnje u prolosti, takoer izraava radnju za koje se pretpostavljalo da je trebalo da se dogodi u prolosti - pre neke druge radnje: We had left home before he came. (bili smo otili pre nego to je on doao) The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. The train had left when we arrived. (voz je krenuo u 9 sati. Mi smo stigli u 9 i 15. Voz je bio otiao kada smo mi stigli.) The train had left when we arrived. past Voz odlazi u 9 sati. 9 9.15 Mi stiemo u 9 i 15. present future

I was not hungry. I had just eaten. (nisam bio gladan, upravo sam bio jeo) I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before. (nisam znao ko je on, nisam ga nikad bio video) He said that he had seen him at the theatre. (rekao je da ga je bio vidio kod pozorita). U ovom primeru past perfect je upotrebljen u indirektnom govoru umesto past simple u direktnom. 2) u zavisnim reenicama uz after: He got a headache after he had washed his hair. kosu); (dobio je glavobolju nakon to je oprao

3) iza izraza: as if (kao da), if only (kad bi barem), I wish (kamo sree da), past perfectom se izraava neto to nije ostvareno u prolosti: I wish I had met you before. (kamo sree da sam te ranije sreo) If only you had sent me the SMS. (da si mi barem poslala SMS) He played the basketball as if he had played in NBA. (igrao je koarku kao da je igrao u NBA)

to call - zvati I had called you had called he, she, it had called we had called you had called they had called I had not called you had not called he, she, it had called we had called you had called they had called had I called? had you called? had he, she, it called? had we called? had you called? had they called?

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(3.17.4.) Nesvreni pluskvamperfekt - The Past Perfect Continuous Tense subjekat + simple past od "to have" + past particip od "to be" + present particip gl. glagola Odrini oblik se pravi ubacivanjem reice not, a upitni oblik inverzijom subjekta i glagola "to have". Past Perfect Continuous upotrebljava se da bi se oznaila radnja koja je trajala u prolosti prije neke druge prole radnje: Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours.

Ram had been waiting for two hours when I arrived. past Ram je poeo sa ekanjem u 9 sati. 9 11 present future

Ja sam stigao u 11 sati. John was very tired. he had been running. (John je bio veoma umoran, trao je cele veeri) I could smell cigarettes. somebody had been smoking. (osetio sam cigarete, neko je puio). Past Perfect Continous se takoe upotrebljava u indirektnom govoru umesto trajnog oblika prolog vremena (past continous tense) u direktnom govoru. D: Peter said: "Some of my friends have playing cards all night." (Peter ree: "Neki moji prijatelji su igrali karte cele veeri".) I: Peter said that some of his friends had been playing cards all night. to call - zvati I had been calling you had been calling he, she, it had been calling we had been calling you had been calling they had been calling (3.18.) Budua vremena (3.18.1.) Prosto budue vreme - Futur Simple Tense subjekat + pomoni glagol will + infinitiv glavnog glagola Odrine reenice se prave umetanjem reice not izmeu pomonog i glavnog glagola, a upitne reenice inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola. U prvom licu jednine i mnoine umesto glagola will, moe se koristiti glagol shall, meutim u modernom engleskom will se vie koristi od shall: I shall call - we shall call (ja u zvati - mi emo zvati).

I had not been calling you had not been calling he, she, it had not been calling we had not been calling you had not been calling they had not been calling

had I been calling? had you been calling? had he, she, it had been calling? had we been calling? had you been calling? had they been calling?

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Prosto budue vreme se upotrebljava da bi oznaila radnja koja e se desiti u budunosti. Prostobudue vreme se naroito esto upotrebljava posle glagola koji oznaavaju oekivanje, nadu itd.Takoe se koristi da bi se izrazila namera, odluka, pretnja ili obeanje. I hope we will have better luck next day. I expect that he will come tomorrow. I will help her because she is beautiful. to call - zvati I will call (ja u zvati) you will call he, she, it will call we will call you will call they will call (nadam se da emo imati vie sree drugi put) (oekujem da e on doi sutra) (pomoi u joj jer je lepa)

I will not call you will not call he, she, it will not call we will not call you will not call they will not call

will I call? will you call? will he, she, it call? will we call? will you call? will they call?

(3.18.2.) Budue trajno vreme - Futur Continuous Tense subjekat + pomoni g. will + pomoni g. be + present participle glavnog glagola Odrini oblik se pravi ubacivanjem reice not izmeu glagola will i be, a upitni oblik inverzijom subjekta i glagola will. Trajno budue vreme oznaava radnju koja e trajati izvesno vreme u budunosti. At 4pm tomorrow, I will be working. past present future 4pm U 4 sata biu usred posla. Kada koristimo budue trajno vreme, na slualac obino zna ili razume u koje vreme se radnja odvija. I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow. (igrau tenis sutra u 10 sati) We'll be having dinner when film starts. (veeraemo kada film pone) Take your umbrella, it will be raining when you return. (uzmi kiobran, padae kia kada se bude vraao) to call - zvati I will be calling (ja u zvati) you will be calling he, she, it will be calling we will be calling you will be calling they will be calling

I won't be calling you won't be calling he, she, it won't be calling we won't be calling you won't be calling they won't be calling

will I be calling? will you be calling? will he, she, it be calling? will we be calling? will you be calling? will they be calling?

(3.18.3.) Sloeno budue vrijeme - Futur Perfect Tense subjekat + pomoni g. will + pomoni g. have + past particip glavnog glagola Predbudue vreme izraava radnju koja e se desiti pre neke druge radnje u budunosti: The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive the rain will have left. (Voz dolazi u stanicu u 9 sati. Vi stiete u stanicu u 9 i 15. Voz e otii kada vi stignete.)

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The train will have left when you arrive. past present future

Voz odlazi u 9 sati. 9 9.15 Vi stiete u 9 i 15. Ovo vreme takoer izraava i radnju koja e se desiti i zavriti do odreenog vremena u budunosti: They will have left the Parlament by 12 o'clock. to call - zvati I will have called (budem bio zvao) you will have called he, she, it will have called we will have called you will have called they will have called (Oni e napustiti parlament do 12 sati.)

I will not have called you will not have called he, she, it will not have called we will not have called you will not have called they will not have called

will I have called? will you have called? will he, she, it have called? will we have called? will you have called? will they have called?

(3.18.4.) Futur Perfect Continuous subjekat + pomoni g. will + pomoni g. "have" + past particip od "be" + present particip glavnog glagola Odrine reenice se prave umetanjem reice not izmeu will i have, a upitne reenice inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola will. Kada koristimo predbudue trajno vreme obino saimamo (contract) subjekat i pomoni glagol will: I will - I'll you will - you'll itd. Kod odrinih reenica saimamo glagol will i reicu not: I will not - I won't you will not - you won't itd. Predbudue trajno vreme izraava radnju koja traje odreeni period vremena do jedne druge budue radnje ili oznake budueg vremena kada ova prva radnja jo traje. Drugim reima izraava radnju koja e trajati do odreenog budueg vremena ili trenutka u budunosti, a ne u nekom odreenom trenutku u budunosti: At 20 o'clock in the evening, I will have been working ten hours. (do 20 sati uvee ja u imati za sobom ve 10 sati rada). Znai radnja poinje u 10 sati pre podne, traje deset sati, sve do 20 sati uvee kada jo traje. He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been travelling for 24 hours. (Bie umoran kada stigne. Putovae ve 24 sata.)

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to call - zvati I will have been calling you will have been calling he, she, it will have been calling we will have been calling you will have been calling they will have been calling I will not have been calling you will not have been calling will I have been calling? will you have been calling? he, she, it will not have been calling will he, she, it have been calling? we will not have been calling will we have been calling? you will not have been calling will you have been calling? they will not have been calling will they have been calling?

(4.) Imenice - Nouns Imenice su rei kojima neto imenujemo. Npr: man town happiness love

(ovek), (grad), (srea), (ljubav) itd.

Imenice delmo na nekoliko vrsta. One mogu biti: opte imenice (common nouns), slue za imenovanje svih bia ili stvari iste vrste. boy (deak), computer (raunar), eye (oko) itd; vlastite imenice (proper nouns), slue za imenovanje pojedinanih bia, mesta itd. Mary, London, Edinburgh, Bosnia, Dreamweaver itd; zbirne imenice (collective nouns), slue za oznaavanje skupa ili mnotva u jednini. team (momad), sugar (eer), flock (jato), army (vojska) itd; gradivne imenice (material nouns), slue oznaavanje tvari ili materija. lead (olovo), milk (mlijeko), air (zrak), ice (led) itd. apstraktne imenice (abstract nouns), oznauju neto nestvarno, neko svojstvo ili stanje. fear (strah), health (zdravlje), thirst (e) itd. Takoer, imenice delimo i na: brojive i nebrojive (Countable and Uncountable nouns). Mnoinu grade samo opte imenice. One obino oznaavaju neto to se moe brojati, pa ih zovemo brojnim imenicama: two girls (dve devojke), three months (tri meseca) itd. Gradivne i apstraktne imenice, uzete u opem smislu, se ne mogu brojati. One su nebrojive i ne mogu se upotrebljavati u mnoini: silver (srebro), thirst (e), air (zrak) itd. Rod imenica - Gender of Nouns Mnoina imenica - Plural of Nouns Padei imenica - Cases of Nouns (4.1.) Rod imenica - Gender of Nouns Opto pravilo: U engleskom jeziku rod imenica nije gramatiki ve se odreuje prema polu, tj. prirodan je. Imena mukih bia mukog su roda (masculine), imena enskih lica enskog su roda (feminine) i imena ivih bia gde rod nije izriito podvuen srednjeg su roda (neuter).

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Kod ivih bia rod razlikujemo na vie naina: - postoje razliiti izrazi za muki i enski rod: boy father brother son uncle nephew king monk horse cock drake gander - girl - mother - sister - daughter - aunt - niece - queen - nun - mare - hen - duck - goose deak otac brat sin ujak neak kralj kaluer konj petao patak gusak - devojica - majka - sestra - ki - tetka - neaka - kraljica - kaluerica - kobila - kokoka - patka - guska

- dodajemo nastavke: abbot actor count duke emperor poet prince negro heir sorcerer lion hero - abbess - actress - countess - duchess - empress - poetess - princess - negress - heiress - sorceress - lioness - heroine opat glumac grof vojvoda car pesnik princ crnac naslednik arobnjak lav heroj - opatica - glumica - grofica - vojvotkinja - carica - pesnikinja - princeza - crnkinja - naslednica - arobnica - lavica - heroina

- obrazuju se sloenice: man-servant cock-sparrow bull-calf male-elephant landlord - maid-servant - hen-sparrow - cow-calf - female-elephant - landlady sluga vrabac junac slon gazda - slukinja - vrabica - junica - slonica - gazdarica

Mnoge imenice imaju isti oblik i u enskom i u mukom rodu: pupil friend teacher cousin (uenik, uenica) (prijatelj, prijateljica) (uitelj, uiteljica) (roak, rodica)

Ponekad da bismo oznaili rod ovih imenica dodajemo ove rei: gentleman, lady, male, female, man, woman: lady-teacher (uiteljica).

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Od opeg pravila postoje sledei izuzeci: "horse" i "dog" nisu sredneg ve mukog roda; "cat" je enskog roda; "child" moe biti sva tri roda; imenice: boat, ship, streamer, man-of-war, vessel nisu srednjeg ve enskog roda i oznaavaju se sa she; enskog roda su: imena drava i zemalja; neki apstraktni pojmovi (misaone imenice) kao: victory, liberty, mercy grace, virtue; enskog roda su i nature, earth i moon; imenice koje izraavaju jaka oseanja mukog su roda: love, anger, despair, fear; mukog roda su takoer i: sun, death, time; ptice, ribe, insekti su obino srednjeg roda; U basnama ivotinje su personificirane pa su uvek enskog ili mukog roda.

(4.2.) Mnoina imenica - Plural of Nouns Opta pravila: mnoina imenica obrazuje se dodavanjem nastavka "-s". Ovo se "s" izgovarakao nae "z" izuzev kada dolazi posle tvrdih suglasnika. Primjeri: book face - books - faces (knjiga - knjige) (lice - lica)

Imenice koje se zavavaju na: -s, -ss, -x, -sh, -tch dobijaju nastavak "-es", koji se izgovara iz: class - classes bush - bushes bench - benches razred - razredi grm - grmlje klupa - klupe

Imenice na "-o" dobijaju nastavak "-es" ako se "o" nalazi posle suglasnika: hero - heroes potato - potatoes negro - negroes heroj - heroji krompir - krompiri crnac - crnci

Izuzeci od ovog pravila su: piano - pianos canto - cantos octavo - octavos klavir - klaviri spev - spevovi oktava - oktave

Imenice na "o" poslije samoglasnika dobijaju u mnoini samo nastavak "-e": cuckoo - cuckoos kukavica - kukavice

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Imenice na "y" poslije suglasnika menjaju "y" u "i" i dobijaju nastavak "-es": country lady story ali: day boy toy - days - boys - toys dan deak igraka - dani - deaci - igrake - countries - ladies - stories zemlja dama pria - zemlje - dame - prie

Imenice na "f" i "fe" menjaju "f" u "v" i dobijaju u mnoini nastavak "-es": half calf knife wife - halves - calves - knives - wives polovina tele no supruga - polovine - telad - noevi - supruge

Izuzeci od ovog pravila su: strife fife staff gulf - strifes - fifes - staffs - gulfs borba svirala tab struja - borbe - svirale - tabovi - struje

Imenice koje zavavaju na "-oof", "-ief", "-ff" ne menjaju u "f" i dobijaju nastavak "-s": roof dwarf chief cliff - roofs - dwarfs - chiefs - cliffs krov patuljak poglavica greben - krovovi - patuljci - poglavice - grebeni

Neke imenice imaju u mnoini nastavak "-en": ox child - oxen - children vo dete - volovi - deca

Neke imenice obrazuju mnoinu promjenom osnovnog samoglasnika: man woman tooth Englishman sportsman ali: Roman Norman German - Romans - Normans - Germans Rimljanin Norman Nemac - Rimljani - Normani - Nemci - men - women - teeth - Englishmen - sportsmen ovek ena zub Englez sportista - ljudi - ene - zubi - Englezi - sportisti

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Neke imenice imaju dva oblika u mnoini sa razliitim znaenjem: brother - brothers - brethren - cloths - clothes (braa po krvi) (braa u crkvenoj organizaciji, drutvu) (tof) (odelo)

cloth

Latinske imenice na "-us" i "-um" te grke na "-on" i "-is" imaju u mnoini obino svoj latinski odnosno grki nastavak: radius - radii oasis - oases (poluprenik, poluprenici) (oaza, oaze)

Sloenice obrazuju mnoinu tako da se nastavak za mnoinu doda glavnoj rei od koje je sloenica sastavljena, tj. od rei koja nosi smisao. Ako je sloenica sastavljena bez imenica, onda nastavak za mnoiniu dobija poslednja re: looker-on - lookers-on pick-pocket - pick-pockets forget-me-not - forget-me-nots (gledalac, gledaoci) (deparo, deparoi) (nezaboravak (cvee), nezaboravci)

Neke sloenice dobijaju obeleje mnoine uz oba dela rei: manservant - menservants (sluga, sluge) Neke se imenice upotrebljavaju samo u jednini: advice furniture information progress (savet) (nametaj) (obavetenje) (napredak)

Ako je potrebno izraziti mnoiniu, onda se upotrebi neka re u mnoini: two pieces of furniture (dva komada nametaja)

Neke su imenice po svom obliku u jednini, a imaju znaenje mnoine: people mankind cattle (ljudi) (oveanstvo) (stoka)

Imenica "news" (vest) i "means" (sredstvo) imaju oblik mnoini ali su u jednini: what is the news by the means (kakve su vesti) (na ovaj nain)

Mnoge imenice se upotrebljavaju samo u mnoini: cards contents poltics mathematics (karte) (sadrina) (politika) (matematika)

Neke imenice imaju u mnoini drugaije znaenje nego u jednini: arm letter compass drawer (ruka) (slovo) (kompas) (fioka) arms letters compasses drawers (ruke, oruje) (knjievnost) (estar) (donje gae)

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(4.3.) Padei imenica - Cases of Nouns U engleskom jeziku mogu se izraziti svih sedam padea kao i u naem jeziku: Primjer: Jednina: 1. pad. A teacher had a book. 2. pad. The book of the teacher was big. 3. pad. We went to the teacher. 4. pad. And we asked the teacher. 5. pad. Teacher, is your book big? 6. pad. After our conversation with the teacher. 7. pad. We know more about the teacher. mnoina: 1. pad. Some teachers had books. 2. pad. The books of the techers were big. The teacher's books are always big. 3. pad. We went to the teachers. 4. pad. And we asked the teachers. 5. pad. Teachers, are your books big. 6. pad. After the conversation with the teachers. 7. pad. We know more about the teachers. (neki uitelj je imao knjigu) (knjiga tog uitelja bila je velika) (otili smo uitelju) (i zapitali smo uitelja) (uitelju, je li vaa knjiga velika?) (poslije naeg razgovora sa uiteljem) (znamo vie o uitelju)

(neki uitelji imali su knjige) (knjige tih uitelja su bile velike) (knjige uitelja su uvijek velike) (otili smo uiteljima) (i zapitali smo uitelje) (uitelji, jesu li vae knjige velike) (poslije razgovora sa uiteljima) (znamo vie o uiteljima)

Prema tome, padei se odreuju prema mestu u reenici (prvi i etvrti), pomou predloga (drugi pade pomou predloga "of" ili nastavkom kad imamo prisvojni genitiv, trei pade pomou predloga "to", esti pomou predloga "with", sedmi pade pomoi predloga "about"). Peti pade izraava se imenicom bez lana. Drugi pade - Genitive U engleskom jeziku drugi pade se moe izraziti na vie naina: Normanskim genitivom (Norman genitive) koji se obrazuje pomou prijedloga "of": the book of the teacher (uiteljeva knjiga). Saksonskim genitivom (Saxon genitive), koji se jo zove "prisvojni genitiv" (Possessive case). Ovaj pade se obrazuje tako da se imenici doda nastavak -'s. teacher's book (uiteljeva knjiga). Saksonski genitiv se obrazuje nastavkom -'s na imenicu koji se izgovara "z" iza zvunih suglasnika i samoglasnika, a "s" iza bezvunih suglasnika. U jednini se dodaje -'s teacher's book Peter's toy boy's eyes (uiteljeva knjiga) (Peterova igraka) (deakove oi)

Ako se osobna imenica zavrava na -s, onda dodajemo samo apostrof, a nastavak se izgovara kao "z": Burn's works (Burnsova dela)

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Ako se imenica zavrava na -s ili -ce kao i ispred rei "sake", dodaje se samo apostrof: for goodness' sake for conscience' sake (za Boju volju) (radi smirenja savesti).

Osobne imenice mogu se zavravati na -s, pa da ipak dobijaju nastavak -'s: St. James's Square for Doris's sake my boss's sister Sloenice dobijaju nastavak -'s na kraju: after my mother-in-law's leaving (posle odlaska moje tate). (trg Sv. Dejmsa) (radi Doris) (sestra mog gazde).

U mnoini koja se zavrava na -s dodaje se samo apostrof: my brothers' wives (ene moje brae).

Ako se imenica ne zavrava na -s u mnoini, onda ona ima nastavak -'s: the children's toys the mice's legs woman's right (5.) Pridevi - Adjectives Pridev je u engleskom jeziku nepromenljiva re, pa se prema tome pridevom ne moe izraziti ni rod, ni broj ni pade. Pridev obino stoji ispred imenice. Pridevi se dijele na: line (proper), koji se piu velikim slovom: Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, English, German, Italian; opisne (descriptive): young, beautiful, green; koliinske (quantitative): some, few, much, all, enough; pokazne (demonstrative): the this, that, these, those, such, younder, the same, the order; neodreene (indefinite): a, an, any, one, certain, another; deobne (distributive): each, every, either, neither; prisvojne (possessive): my, your, his, her, its, our, their; upitne (interrogative): what, which. (5.1.) Poreenje prideva - Comparasion Pridevi imaju tri stepena poreenja: prvi stupanj drugi stupanj trei stupanj - jednakost - nejednakost - nadmonost - positive - comparative - superlative. (deije igrake) (miije noge) (enska prava).

Jednakost se izraava pomou rei "as...as" i pozitiva prideva. He is as rich as his friend. He is as strong as a horse. (on je isto toliko bogat kao njegov prijatelj). (jak je kao konj)

Komparativ, kojim se izraava umanjenost, obrazuje se pomou rei "less...then": He is less rich than his brother. (on je manje bogat od svog brata)

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Komparativom se izraava uveanost, i obrazuje se: kod jednoslonih i nekih dvoslonih prideva dodavanjem nastavka "er": He is richer than his friend. (on je bogatiji od svog brata); kod vieslonih prideva dodavanjem nastavka "more" ispred prideva: He is more independent than his brother. (on je samostalniji od svog brata); "sve vie i vie" se prevodi svezom "and" koja prethodi i dolazi poslije komparativa za uveanje: stronger and stronger (sve jai i jai). Ako je pridjev viesloan, ponavlja se samo prilog "more": more and more contemptible (sve vie omrznutiji). Trei stepen, superlativ, moe biti: relativni, kada je poreenje izraeno pridevom na najviem ili najniem stepenu. On se pravi kod: -jednoslonih i nekih dvoslonih prideva kojima prethodi lan the i dodaje im se nastavak "-est": he is the richest (on je najbogatiji); -vieslonih prideva kojima prethode rei "the most": he is the most intelligent (on je najpametniji); apsolutni superlativ se pravi kada se ispred pridjeva stavi prilog most ili very: It is most true. (to je veoma tano, to je ponajvie tano). Ako umesto prideva stoji prilog vremena sadanjeg koji ima ulogu prideva, umesto very upotrebljava se much ili very much: I am much obliged to you. (veoma sam vam zahvalan). (5.2.) Pravopisna pravila pri poreenju Ako se pridev zavrava kratkim samoglasnikom iza kojeg dolazi suglasnik, taj se suglasnik udvostruuje: fat - fatter - the fattest (debeo), big - bigger - the biggest (velik). Ako se pridev zavrava muklim "e", na komparativ i superlativ dodaju se nastavci "-r", odnosno "st": fine - finer - the finest (lijep). Ako se pridev zavrava sa slovom "y" ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik ono se menja u "i": pretty - prettie ali gray - grayer - the prettiest (drag), - the grayest (jer "y" dolazi posle samoglasnika, a ne suglasnika).

Poreenje prideva pomou nastavka "-er" za komparativ i "-est" za superlativ naziva se germansko poreenje. Na ovaj nain porede se svi jednosloni predevi - sa izuzetkom sledeih: just, right, more just, more right, the more just the most right.

Germanskim nainom poreenja porede se jo i dvosloni pridevi koji se zavravaju na "-y", "-ow", "-er" ili na slogovno "l", kao i pridev koji imaju naglasak na drugom slogu: pretty, narrow, clever, simple, polite, prettier, narrower, cleverer, simplier, politer, the prettiest; the narrowest; the cleverest the simpliest; the politest.

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Poreenje koje se dobiva dodavanjem rei "more" za komparativ i "the most" za superlativ ispred prideva naziva se romansko poreenje. Ovim nainom porede se svi viesloni pridevi koji imaju naglasak na prvom slogu, kao i pridjevi koji se zavavaju na "-ed" i "-ing": famous, learned, beautiful, more famous, more learned, more beautiful, the most famous; the most learned; the most beautiful.

mnogi dvosloni pridevi mogu se porediti na oba naina. Takvi su pridevi: common, cruel, pleasant, quiet, cheerful, handsome itd.

(5.3.) Nepravilna komparacija prideva - Irregular comparasion Nepravilno se porede sledei pridevi: Positive good (dobar) bad (lo) evil (zao) ill (bolestan) much (mnogo) many (mnogo) little (malen) late (kasan) pnear (blizak) pold (star) far (daleko) Comparative better worse Superlative the best the worst

more less later (kasniji) latter (dalji po redu) nearer older elder farther (prostorno dalji) further (dalji po redu)

the most the least the latest (najnoviji) the last (poslednji) the nearest (najblii) the next (sledei, do) the oldest the eldest the farthest the furthest

Komparativ i superlativ sloenih prideva: kada sloeni pridevi poinju jednosloni pridevom onda nastavke za komparativ i superlativ dobija jednosloni pridev: I never saw a faster sailing ship. I never saw a worse looking man. (nikad nisam video breg jedrenjaka) (nikad nisam video oveka koji loije izgleda)

(6.) Predlozi - Prepositions Predlozi u engleskom jeziku imaju posebnu vanost jer padei nemaju svoje nastavke. Predlozi se dele na: a) predloge za mesto: at (u, na, kod, pri), to (u, ka, prema), in (u), into (u), on (na), between (izmeu), in front of (ispred), before (ispred), above (iznad), behind (iza), under (ispod) i dr; b) predlozi za vreme: before (pre), after (posle), since (od), on (u) i dr; c) predlozi za ouvanje porekla, uzroka, cilja: from (od), by (od), through (pomou), towards (prema);

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d) predlozi za sredstva: by (od, pomou), in (u), with (s, sa), without (bez). Predlozi mogu biti sloeni, tj. sastavljeni su od vie rei: into (u), upon (na), within (u), outside (napolju), throughout (skroz). Posle predloga uvek sledi "imenica", a nikad glagol. Pod "imenica" mislimo na: imenice (dog, money, house, love); line imenice (Sarajevo, Zagreb, Beograd, Edin, Mary); zamjenice (you, him, us); grupne imenice (my first job, your blue book); gerund (swimming). Poto posle predloga ne moe ii glagol, a ako to elimo onda moramo koristiti "-ing" oblik koji je ustvari gerund ili glagolska imenica. subjekat + glagol The food is She lives Mary is looking The letter is Pascal is used She isn't used I ate predlog on in for under to to before "imenica" the table. Japan. you. your blue book. English people. working. coming .

Upotreba nekih glavnih predloga: of - he is a friend of mine what are you thinking of? from - where did you came from? whom did you get this book from? I translated this from English into Serbian to - I get into my office every morning we went to see him I want to tell you the truth at - the family is at dinner she is at the dressmaker's he is standing at the door in - I live in Kragujevac my money is in my pocket I'll be back in a minute into - he came into the room I put the money into my pocket about - what are you talking about? she walked about the house it's about seven o'clock I was about to go home when she came (on je moj prijatelj) (o emu mislite?) (odakle ste?) (od koga ste dobili ovu knjigu) (preveo sam to sa engleskog na srpski) (svako jutro idem u kancelariju) (poli smo da ga posetimo) (elim da vam kaem istinu) (porodica rua) (ona je kod krojaice) (on stoji kod vrata) (ivim u kragujevcu) (moj novac je u depu) (vraam se za minut) (uao je u sobu) (stavio sam novac u dep) (o emu priate) (hodala je po kui) (oko sedam je sati) (upravo sam htio da odem kad je ona dola)

since - I haven't seen you since last Friday (nisam vas video od prolog petka)

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for - I haven't seen you for ages I waited for an hour I did it for you

(nisam vas video od odavno) (ekao sam jedan sat) (to sam za vas uinio)

except - there was no one at the conference except the president (niko sem predsednika nije bio na konferenciji) between - what is between you and her (ta je izmeu tebe i nje) there is great difference between words and deeds (velika je razlika izmeu rei i dela) among - you will find some interesting girls among this students interesantne devojke meu ovim studentkinjama) before - she stood before the door waiting came before eight o'clock beyond - this is beyond my understanding his house stands beyond that road without - I shall be lonely without you she left without saying good-bye towards - they came to the house until - I shall wait until day come till - I have been waiting for you till now with - will you take me with you the proposal was approved with great majority I cannot remain with him any longer he cut himself with a knife (nai ete

(stajala je pred vratima i ekala) (doi prie osam) (to ne mogu da shvatim) (njegova kua se nalazi iznad ovog puta) (bit u usamljen bez vas) (otila je bez zbogom) (prili su kui) (ekat u dok oni dou) (sve do sada sam vas ekao) (hoete li me povesti sa sobom) (predlog je prihvaen velikom veinom) (ne mogu vie ostati s njim) (posekao se noem) (ta ste uinili u vezi sa ovim

regarding - what have you done regarding this report? izvetajem)

Pored ovih predloga u engleskom jeziku imamo i tzv. predlone fraze (prepositional frases): in spite of in front of according to because of on account of by means of There was a pool in front of his house. This is not truth in spite of what he has said. (7.) Prilozi - Adverbs Prilozi su rei koje poblie oznaavaju glagole, prideve ili druge priloge: uz glagol: John speaks loudly. She never smokes. uz pridev: He is really handsome. She is less beautifull than her sister. (John pria glasno) (ona nikad ne pui) (uprkos) (ispred) (prema) (zbog) (radi) (pomou) (pred njegovom kuom se nalazio bazen) (to nije istina uprkos tome to je on rekao)

(on je stvarno zgodan) (ona je manje lepa nego njena sestra)

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uz prilog: She drives incredibly slowly. There is truly quietly.

(ona vozi nevjerovatno sporo) (tamo je zaista )

Meutim, pred ovih funkcija prilozi imaju i druge funkcije, oni mogu: izmeniti smisao reenice: Obviously, I can't know everything. znati) izmeniti predlonu frazu: It's immediately inside the door. (oito, ne mogu sve

(to je odmah iza vrata)

Po svom sastavu prilozi se u engleskom jeziku dele na: proste, izvedene i sloene. Prosti prilozi su: now (sada), then (tada), fast (brzo), loud (glasno), right (pravo) i dr. Izvedeni prilozi su oni koji se obrazuju od prideva nastavkom "ly": beautiful - beautifully (lep - lepo) bad - badly (lo - loe) itd. Sloeni prilozi su: a great deal (mnogo), at least (bar), at present (sada), at last (najzad) itd. Po svom znaenju prilozi se dele na: priloge za vreme: always (uvek), ever (ikad), never (nikad), seldom (retko), often (esto), soon (uskoro), sometimes (ponekad), early (rano), late (kasno) i dr. priloge za mesto: here (ovde), there (tamo), in (u), out (iz), near (blizu), far (daleko), down (dole), up (gore) i dr. priloge za koliinu: more (vie), no more (ne vie), most (najvie), little (malo), many (mnogi), less (manje) i dr. priloge za nain: how (kako), as (kao), so (tako), quickly (brzo), why (zato), truly (zaista), quietly (mirno), hardly (jedva), usefully (korisno), happily (sreno) i dr. Prilozi za nain se obino tvore dodavanjem nastavka "-ly" na pridjev. prilozi stupnja: very (vrlo), too (previe), enough (dovoljno), quite (sasvim) i dr.

(7.1.) Poreenje priloga

Prilozi obrazuju prvi i drugi stepen poreenja na sledee naine: dvosloni i viesloni prilozi, kao i prilozi sa nastavkom "ly" porede se na taj nain to se za komparativ ispred priloga dodaje re "more", a za superlativ re "most". beautifully - more beautifully - most beautifully (lepo - lepe...); jednosloni prilozi (kao i prilozi often i early) obrazuju komparativ nastavkom "er", a superlativ nastavkom "est": long - longer - longest (dugo - due...);

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Nepravilno se porede sledei prilozi: well badly much little near far late (dobro) (loe) (mnogo) (malo) (blizu) (daleko) (kasno) - better - worse - more - less - nearer - farther, further - later - best - worst - most - least - nearest, next - farthest, furthest - latest, last

Inae, u poreenju priloga vae sva ostala pravila koja se primenjuju i na prideve. U engleskom jeziku ima vie prideva koji se upotrebljavaju i kao prilozi: cheap dear fair false hard high loud low near right short wide (jeftin) (drag, skup) (lep, pravilan) (laan) (teak) (visok) (glasan) (nizak) (blizak) (prav) (kratak) (irok) - to sell cheap - to buy dear - to copy fair - to play false - to work hard - to charge high - to speak loud - to speak loud - to draw near - to sing right - to stop short - wide open (prodavati jeftino) (kupiti skupo) (prepisati isto) (varati u igri) (naporno raditi) (propisati visoke ciene) (govoriti glasno) (govoriti ) (pribliiti se) (raditi kako treba) (iznenada stati) (iroko otvoren)

Napomena: kada ovi prilozi dobiju priloki nastavak "ly", oni esto menjaju smisao: hard near (teak, naporan) (blizak) - hardly - nearly (jedva), (skoro).

Prilog moe imati tri poloaja u reenici: na poetku (pre subjekta): Now we will study adverbs. u sredini (izmeu subjekta i glavnog glagola): We often study adverbs. na kraju (iza glavnog glagola ili objekta): We study adverbs carefully. (sada emo uiti priloge) (mi esto uimo priloge) (mi paljivo uimo priloge)

(8.) Uzvici - Interjections Uzvici mogu izraavati: uenje: ah! eh! what! strange! impossible! heavens! indeed! (zaista) bol: ah! oh! o! alas! alack! ah me! woe to me! (jao meni) mercy to me! (nek mi se nebo smiluje) radost: ah! o joy! ha,ha! hurra! huzza! odobravanje: right! bravo! cheer up! (hrabro) well done!

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obraanje panje: behold! lo! see! holla! help! hark! (uj) hold! I say! attention! wait! come on! hear, hear! what's the matter! pretnju: go away! get away! (gubite se) beware! (pazite) off! off! (gubite se) pozdrav: good-morning! (dobro jutro), good-afternoon! (dobar dan) good-evening! goodnight! welcome! farewell! (zbogom) hail! (zdravo) (9.) Veznici - Conjunctions Prema funkciji u reenici veznici se dele na: dopunske (coordinative): and (i), but (ali), or (ili), yet (ipak) i dr. zavisne (subordinative): that (da), if (ako), when (kada), though (iako) i dr. Glavni veznici i njihova upotreba: before - We saw him before he left his office. (videli smo ga pre nego to je napustio ured) since - It was a long time since we met. (odavno se nismo videli) until, till - We all waited until the rain stopped. (svi smo ekali dok kia nije prestala) as soon as - As soon as he came we called his father. (im je doao pozvali smo njegovog oca) as well as - He did it as well as he could. (on je to uinio onako kako je on mogao) as long as - You may keep this book as long as you want. (moete zadrati ovu knjigu koliko god elite) either...or - Either you or your brother must go. (ili vi ili va brat morate ii) neither...nor - Neither he or his sister knew this lesson. (ni on ni njegova sestra nisu znali ovu lekciju) both...and - Both you and I think so. (oboje mislimo tako) unless - I am not going to do this unless it is necessary. (neu to da uradim ako nije potrebno) in order to - He came in order to hear news. (doao je da bi uo vest) as much as - I have read as much I had time. (itao sam onoliko koliko sam imao vremena) though (although) - He knows that I was right, although he wouldn't admit it. (on zna da sam bio u pravu iako on to ne bi priznao) whether - I don't know whether to go or not. (ne znam da li da idem ili ne) because - I don't like it because it's too tiresome. (ne volim to jer je isuvie zamorno)

(10.) Zamenice - Pronouns U engleskom jeziku zamenice se dele na: Line zamenice - Personal pronouns Prisvojne zamenice - Possessive pronouns Povratne zamenice - Reflexive pronouns Pokazne zamenice - Demonstrative pronouns Upitne zamenice - Interrogative pronouns Relativne zamenice - Relative pronouns Deobne zamenice - Distributive pronouns Neodreene zamenice- Indefinite pronouns

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(10.1.) Line zamenice - Personal Pronouns Line zamenice imaju dva oblika: a) u prvom padeu: I (ja), you (ti), he- she- it (on-ona-ono) u jednini, we (mi), you (vi) i they (oni-one-ona) u mnoini; b) u etvrtom padeu: me (mene), you (tebe), him- her- it (njega-nju-njega) u jednini, i us (nas), you (vas), them (njih) u mnoini. Drugi pade kod linih imenica pravi se pomou predloga "of", trei pomou "to" i esti pomou with s oblikom etvrtog padea: of me, to me, with me, of you, to you, with you. Posle glagola: to tell (rei), to give (dati), to bring (doneti), to throw (baciti), to send (poslati), to sell (prodati), to write (pisati), to read (itati) i jo nekih, predlog "to" se izostavlja ako dolazi pre objekta, ali ako dolazi posle objekta predlog "to" se ne izostavlja: I gave him the book. I gave the book to him . (dao sam mu knjigu) (dao sam mu knjigu).

Kod glagola "to say" (rei) predlog "to" se mora pisati, bilo da stoji ispred ili iza objekta: I said nothing to him. I said to him nothing. (nisam mu nita rekao) (nisam mu nita rekao)

etvrti pade line zamenice za prvo lice upotrebljava se umjesto prvog padea u obinom svakodnevnom engleskom: Who is there? -Me. Who is speaking? - Me (ko je tamo? -Ja) (ko govori?)

etvrti pade line zamenice se takoer upotrebljava umesto prvog padea u poreenju iza rei "than": He is taller than me. (vii je od mene) Zamenica "it" moe se upotrebiti i kao bezlina zamenica, koja se ne odnosi ni na lice ni na stvar: It is a cold day, isn't it? (hladan je dan, zar ne) It seems to me that we shall have rain. (izgleda mi da emo imati kiu) Zamenica "it" se takoer moe upotrebiti da se uvede subjekat reenice: It was not difficult to understand him. It is only my brother who is here in time. (nije bilo teko razumjeti ga) (samo je moj brat doao na vrijeme)

Zamenice "we" i "they" se esto upotrebljavaju kao neodreene zamenice i imaju znaenje neodreene zamenice "one". U tom sluaju prevode se sa ljudi (uope). Kad upotrebimo zamenicu "we", ukljuujemo lice koje govori, a kad upotrebimo zamenicu "they", onda ne ukljuujemo: We are not going to ask you to go. They say that the accident was inevitable. (neemo traiti od vas da idete) (kau da je nesretan sluaj bio neizbean)

U obinom govoru se u ovakvim sluajevima moe upotrijebiti i zamenica "you": You are not supposed to know everything. (ne moe se pretpostaviti da sve znate)

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(10.2.) Prisvojne zamenice - Possessive Pronouns

Prisvojne zamenice su: mine (moj,a,e), yours (tvoj,a,e), his (njegov), hers (njen), its (njegov) u jednini; ours (na,a,e), yours (va,a,e), theirs (njihov,a,e) u mnoini. Prisvojne zamenice slue za odgovor na pitanje iji, ija, ije: Whose hat is this? It is mine. (iji je ovo eir? moj je)

Prisvojne zamenice upotrebljavaju se takoer u naroitim izrazima koji prave dvostruki pade: a friend of mine (moj prijatelj)

Kad se zamenica eli naglasiti, moe se umesto prisvojne zamjenice "mine", upotrijebiti "my own": This book is my own. (ovo je moja vlastita knjiga)

Dok se prisvojni pridevi upotrebljavaju samo uz imenice, prisvojne zamjenice upotrebljavaju se samostalno: this book is my own and where is yours (ovo je moja knjiga) (a gdje je vaa) - pris. pridev; - prisv. zamenica.

(10.3.) Povratne zamjenice - Reflexive Pronouns Povratne zamenice su: myself (ja sam, lino ja), yourself (ti sam, ti lino), himself (on sam), herself (ona sama), itself (ono samo) za jedninu, ourselves (mi sami), yourselves (vi sami), themselves (oni sami) za mnoinu. "One's self" ili "oneself" je neodreeni oblik i upotrebljava se kad je objekat u reenici "one" ili kad je glagol u reenici bezlian: to wash one's face (oprati neije lice), to dress one's self (obui se) Povratna zamenica moe se upotrebiti i u izrazima kao: "by myself" (sam): I did it by myself izrazu: as for myself (sam sam to uinio, bez iije pomoi), ili u (to se mene tie).

Zamenice za isticanje (emphasizing pronouns) imaju isti oblik kao i povratne zamjenice i upotrebljavaju se da se u reenici istakne predmet ili objekt: He himself did this heroic deed. (lino on je uinio to herojsko djelo).

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(10.4.) Pokazne zamjenice - Demonstrative pronouns Pokazne zamenice su: this (ovaj, ova, ovo) za blie predmete ili lica u jednini; these (ovi, ove, ova) za blie predmete ili lica u mnoini; that (onaj, ona, ono) za dalje predmete u mnoini; zatim such (takav, a, o) i the same (isti); the former (preanji, raniji), the latter (zadnji, dalji po redu); one i ones. Pokazne zamjenice this i that mogu biti samostalne samo u apstraktnom znaenju: This is not true. (to nije istina).

Such i the same imaju isti oblik u mnoini: Such is my opinion, such are his words. the same to you (takvo je moje miljenje, takve su njegove rei) (takoer i vama).

Zamjenica "the same" moe se pojaati sa "the very same" (ba taj isti). (10.5.) Upitne zamenice - Interrogative Pronouns Upitne zamenice su: who, what i which. Promena zamenice "who": 1. pad. who 2. pad. whose 3. pad. to whom 4. pad. whom 5. pad. with whom (ko) (iji, kojega) (kome) (koga) (s kim)

Promena zamenice "what": 1. pad. what 2. pad. of what 3. pad. to what 4. pad. what 5. pad. with what (ta) (ega) (emu) (ta) (ime)

Promena zamenice "which": 1. pad. which 2. pad. of which 3. pad. to which 4. pad. which 5. pad. with which (koji) (kojega) (kojemu) (kojega) (s kojim)

"What" se upotrebljava samo za stvari : what do you want (ta hoete), what is this made of (od ega je ovo napravljeno).

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"Who" se upotrebljava samo za lica: who lives in your house whom do you see (ko ivi u vaoj kui), (koga vidite).

"Which" se upotrebljava i za lica i stvari kada je u pitanju izbor: which of these two books is yours which of these girls is your sister (koja od ove dve knjige je vaa), (koja od ovih devojaka je vaa sestra).

Ako se iza "which" i "what" nalazi imenica, onda su to pridevi (which - koji; what - kakav): which man is your brother what colour is your bag (koji od ovih ljudi je va brat), (koje je boje vaa torba).

Upitne se zamenice mogu kombinovati sa "ever" ili "soever" radi isticanja: whoever, whatever, whichever; whosoever, whatsoever, whichsoever. Ako su "who" i "what" predmeti u reenici, onda glagol nije u upitnom obliku: who speaks here what comes after spring (10.6.) Relativne zamenice - Relative pronouns Relativne zamenice su: who, what, which, that, as, but. "Who" se upotrebljava za lica: she lives with her daughter who is a teacher uiteljica), I saw the man to whom you were talking razgovarali); "Whom" se moe izostaviti: the journalist I met at the conference left for Italy otputovao je za Italiju). "Whose" se odnosi na lica, ivotinje i stvari: this is the woman in whose house we live I saw the dog whose leg was broken slomljena). (to je ena u ijoj kui mi ivimo), (video sam psa ija noga je bila (novinar koga sam sreo na konferenciji (ona ivi sa svojom erkom koja je (video sam oveka sa kojim ste (ko ovde govori) (ta dolazi posle proljea).

"Of whom" i "of which" dolaze posle rei na koje se odnose: a writer the fame of whom is great has died je). "Which" se odnosi na stvari i na ivotinje: the house in which I live is in small street "Which" se moe odnositi i na celu reenicu: we came home by car which was great fun (vratili smo se kolima to je bilo vrlo zabavno). (kua u kojoj ivim nalazi se u maloj ulici). (jedan pisac, ija je slava velika, umro

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"Which" se moe izostaviti kad je objekt u etvrtom padeu: Peter lost the watch his wife had given him (Peter je izgubio sat koji mu je poklonila supruga). "That" se odnosi na lica, ivotinje i stvari: the boy that showed you the way is my brother brat), the book that you are reading is interesting Kad je "that" predmet odnosne reenice moe se izostaviti: the man you met is my father "That" se upotrebljava umesto "who" ili "which" i to: posle superlativa prideva: this is most beautiful picture that I have ever seen (to je najlepa slika koju sam ikad video); posle rednih brojeva: this is the first book that I have read with real interest (to je prva knjiga koju sam proitao sa stvarnim zanimanjem); poslije rei: all, everything, anything, nothing, something, some, any, none, much, little, only, very: there is much that must be done (ima mnogo toga to se mora uraditi). "What" kao odnosna zamenica znai "ono to": tell me what you want to know I know what you mean (kaite mi ta elite znati), (znam ta mislite). (ovek koga ste sreli je moj otac). (deak koji vam je pokazao put je moj (knjiga koju itate je zanimljiva).

Relativna zamenica "as" upotrebljava se za lica, ivotinje i stvari, i dolazi posle "same" i "such": bread was given to such as were most hungry (hleb je dat onima koji su bili najgladniji).

"But" kao relativna zamenica odnosi se na imena lica, ivotinja i stvari, a upotrebljava se samo iza negacije: there is no man here but loves his country (nema ovde oveka koji ne voli svoju zemlju).

Relativne zamenice se mogu pojaati reima "ever" ili "soever": whatever they do, they are not right (ta bilo da ine, nisu u pravu).

(10.7.) Deobne zamenice - Distributive Pronouns Deobne zamenice su: each, each other, either, neither. Each se odnosi na lica, ivotinje i stvari. Znai svaki od dvojice ili vie njih uzeti posebno. Glagol je uvek u jednini: each shows his own card Each other ima uzajamno znaenje (svaki pokazuje svoju kartu). (jedan drugoga, jedan drugome itd.):

good friends always help each other (dobri prijatelji uvek pomau jedan drugoga). Umesto "each other" moe se upotrebiti "one another": they help one another (oni pomau jedan drugoga).

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"Either" i "neither" upotrebljavaju se za lica, ivotinje i stvari, a znae jedan ili drugi (ni jedan ni drugi) od dvojice: either of these two pupils will read the story properly kako treba). (i jedan i drugi uenik proitae priu

"Either" i "neither" su takoer i veznici, i u tom sluaju upotrebljavaju se sa "or" ili "nor": either you or your father should pay this money novac). (ili vi ili va otac morae platiti taj

(10.8.) Neodreene zamenice - Indefinite Pronouns Samostalno i pridevski upotrebljavaju se sledee neodreene zamenice: all few a few little a little many, much some, any other another one several both ceo, svi malo neto, nekoliko malo neto malo mnogo neki, neto, nekoliko drugi (jedan) drugi neki nekoliko oba

Samo pridevski upotrebljavaju se: every no many a svaki (ako znai celinu) niko mnogi

Samo samostalno se upotrebljavaju: others something, anything somebody someone anybody anyone everybody everyone everything nobody no one none nothing drugi neto neko neko neko, bilo ko neko, bilo ko svako svako sve niko niko niko nita

Neodreena zamenica "all" upotrebljava se: a) samostalno: all will come (sve e doi), all is lost (sve je izgubljeno); b) pridevski: all hope was lost (sva je nada bila izgubljena).

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"All" znai celinu. Glagol stoji u jednini ili mnoini: all is correct the house is empty, all have gone (sve je tano), (kua je prazna, svi su otili).

"Some" i "any" upotrebljavaju se za lica, ivotinje i stvari. Mogu se upotrebiti u jednini ili mnoini. "Some" oznaava dio koji je uzet iz celine, izvjestan broj, koliinu ili stepen. "Any" ima neodreeno znaenje, dok je "some" ipak ogranien: I am short of money but I think I can spare some neto odvojiti); (nemam novaca ali mislim da mogu

there are many interesting books here, I am going to take some zanimljivih knjiga, uzet u neke); many people are said to have arrived but I still cannot see any svijeta stiglo, ali ja jo uvek nikog ne vidim). "Both" se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari. Glagol je uvijek u mnoini: both came to see me

(ovde ima mnogo (kau da je mnogo

(oboje su doli da me vide);

two artists have exhibited their paintings; works of both are of great value (dva slikara su izlagali svoje slike, radovi obojice su od velike vrednosti). "Much" se upotrebljava kada je u pitanju velika koliina. Upotrebljava se samo u jednini (kolektivno): much has been said, but in vain (mnogo je bilo reeno, ali uzalud).

"Many" se upotrebljava za neodreeni broj lica, ivotinja i stvari. Glagol je samo u mnoini: many will come, and still more will leave (mnogi e doi, ali jo vie njih e otii).

Sve to je reeno za "much" i "many" vai za njihove komparative i superlative (more i most). "Nobody" i "no one" znae isto i upotrebljavaju se samo u jednini u smislu: niko, nijedna osoba, nijedno lice: nobody has come at all (niko nije dolazio uope), in this work I had nobody's assistance (u ovom poslu niko mi nije pomogao). "Nothing" se upotrebljava samo u jednini u smislu "no thing" (nita): nothing has been said about this (nita nije reeno o tome).

"One" se upotrebljava za lica u jednini. Znai neko neodreeno lice: one never knows what will happen to one (nikad se ne zna, ta e se oveku dogoditi).

"Others" je zamenica koja se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari i javlja se samo u mnoini: I suggested to go, others said I should stay (predloio sam da odem, drugi su rekli da ostanem). "Another" se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari i javlja se samo u jednini: one came at once, another after some minutes nekoliko minuta). (jedan je stigao odmah, drugi poslije

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(11.) Red riei - Word order Imenice u engleskom jeziku nemaju nastavaka za padee (osim za genitiv), zato se njihovo znaenje esto odreuje mestom na kojem stoje u reenici. Engleski jezik je veoma precizan u redu, odnosno rasporedu rei u reenici, jer od toga zavisi jasnoa i tanost izraavanja misli. Na prvom mestu je subjekt (S), pa predikat (P), zatim objekt (O) i na kraju dolaze priloke odredbe za nain (PN), mesto (PM) i vreme (PV). My daughter (S) reads (P) newspaper (O) very carefuly (PN) in her room (PM) every day (PV). (moja erka ita novine veoma paljivo u svojoj sobi svaki dan) U srpskom jeziku bi mogli promeniti red rei u gornjoj reenici a da smisao ostane jasan, meutim u engleskom to nije mogue jer nema razlike izmeu subjekta i objekta. (12.) Skraenice na internetu Internet korisnici stvaraju potpuno nov nain pisanja engleskog jezika. U e-mailovima, na forumima i chatovima zbog breg pisanja nastaje sve vie udnih ali interesantnih skraenica. aamof = as a matter of fact aka = also known as asap = as soon as possible b4 = before b4n = bye for now btw = by the way cul8er = see you later damhik = don't ask me how I know eta = estimated time of arrival f2f = face to face gf = girlfriend gmt = Greenwich Mean Time hth = hope this helps icbw = I could be wrong iykwim = if you know what I mean jam = just a minute k = okay lol = laughing out loud lmk = let me know mcibty = my computer is better than yours oic = oh I see pls = please plz = please re: = reply: rotfl = rolling on the floor ruok = are you ok? q = queue rumf = are you male or female? uok = you ok? vr = virtual reality wdymbt = what do you mean by that? y2k = year 2000

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(13.) Britansko i ameriko pisanje - British and American writing Glavne razlike u britanskom i amerikom pisanju engleskog navedeni su u sljedeoj tabeli. britanski U britanskom pisanju, krajnje -l u prolom vremenu se uvek udvostruava ako dolazi posle vokala, bilo da se nalazi u naglaenom ili nenaglaenom slogu, dok se u amerikom udvostruava samo u naglaenom slogu. Neke rei zavravaju u britanskom na -tre, a -ter u amerikom, npr: ameriki

rebel > rebelled travel > travelled

rebel > rebelled travel > traveled

centre theatre

center theater

Neke rei zavravaju na -ogue u britanskom, a na -og u amerikom:

analogue catalogue

nalog catalog

Neke rei zavravaju na -our u britanskom, a na -or u amerikom:

colour labour

color labor

Neki glagoli zavravaju na -ize i -ise u britanskom, a u amerikom samo na ize:

realise, realize harmonise, harmonize

realize harmonize

(14.) Pisanje velikih slova - Writing of capital letters U engleskom jeziku koristimo velika slova da bi istaknuli vane rei. Velika slova su deo gramatike koji uvek sledi svoja pravila, ne postoji lista izuzetaka koju treba zapamtiti, to olakava uenje ovog jezika. Sve to trebate je: nauiti pravila slediti pravila Meutim, kod internet korisnika, na raznim reklama, grafitima itd. videete odstupanja od ovih pravila, to svakako ne znai menjanje istih. Veoma je bitno ispravno pisati ako elite da italac ima visoko miljenje o vama. 1) Prvo slovo reenica se pie velikim slovom. We saw the accident from the distance. The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog. 2) Lina zamenica I (ja) se uvek pie velikom slovom, na bilo kojem mestu u reenici. I like horror films. Mary and I went to the beach together.

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Pored ovih sluajeva, velikim slovom piemo: 3) imena ljudi i mesta: Peter Susan Bosnia Jupiter 4) titule: Mr Finnegan Mrs Edgeware Ms Johnson Dr Jacobs Major Fingleton the Director General 5) dani, meseci, praznici: Monday Friday July December Ramadan Christmas 6) nacije i regioni, jezici, religije i etnike skupine: a German car the Scandinavian countries She speaks Russian and Chinese a Muslim cleric the Aboriginal people 7) nazivi knjiga, magazina, filmova, pjesama itd. War and Peace Rolling Stone the New Statesman Citizen Kane Stairway to Heaven the Mouse Trap 8) prvo slovo indirektnog (neupravnog) govora mora poeti velikim slovom: The president said: "Ask not what your country can do for you." "Who's been sleeping in my bed?" Pappa Bear cried.

(15.) Znaci interpunkcije - Punctuation the full stop, period (.) - taka the comma (,) - zarez the semi-colon (;) - taka zarez the colon (:) - dvotaka the mark of interrogation, question mark (?) - upitnik the mark of exclamation (!) - uzvinik inverted commas, quotation marks (" ") - navodnici brackets () ili [] - zagrade the hyphen (-) - crtica the dash () - dua crtica; the apostrophe (') - apostrof asterisks (***) - zvezdice diaeresis (..) - dve take

Taka Zarez Dvotaka Taka-zarez Upitnik

- The full stop or period - The comma - The colon - The semicolon - The question mark

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(15.1.) Taka - The full stop or period - Taku stavljamo na kraj reenice: She is sleeping. I was in England. (ona spava) (bio sam u Engleskoj)

- Taku koristimo u skraenicama, ako zadnje slovo skraenice nije isto kao i kod skraene rei: Co. etc. (company - kompanija) (et cetera - i tako dalje)

- Taku ne koristimo kod skraenica kod kojih je zadnje slovo isto kao kod skraene rei: Ltd Manchester Utd St (Limited) (United) (Saint)

Ova pravila o skraenicama ne potuju svi, i ponekad predstavlja pitanje stila. Meutim, preporuuje se da budete dosledni, ako odluite pisati taku poslije Ltd. i slinih primera, piite je u celom tekstu. (15.2.) Zarez - The comma Zarez se koristi da pri izdvajanju pojedinih rei, fraza i klauza u reenici. 1) Koristimo ga da razdvojimo tri ili vie rei pri nabrajanju. Zarez prije zadnje rei se ne mora pisati. John played handball, hockey, and football in high school. rukomet, hokej, i fudbal u koli) (John je igrao u

2) Zarez razdvaja dva ili vie prideva, koji dolaze jedan za drugim, ako oni mogu zameniti mesta a da se ne promeni znaenje reenice: The sunny, cool day was perfect for lying in the dark green grass. vreme je bilo odlino za izleavanje na tamno-zelenoj travi) (sunano, toplo

Primjetite, da izmeu "dark" i "green" nema zareza, jer ovi pridevi ne mogu zameniti mesta. Trava nije "zelena" i "tamna", ona je "tamno zelena". 3) Zarez razdvaja uvodni pozdrav (greeting or salutation) od poruke, te se koristi u potpisu posle rei: Yours truly, Yours sincerly, Best wishes itd. Dear Jane, message message message Best wishes, Jack Brown 4) Zarez razdvaja pitanje (question tag) od ostatka reenice: You locked the car, didn't you? (zakljuao si auto, zar ne?)

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5) Zarez iza kojeg dolazi dopunski veznik (coordinative conjunction: and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so) razdvaja dve nezavisne klauze: Ron wore cowboy boots, and Jeff wore tennis shoes. izme, a Jeff je nosio tenisice) (Ron je nosio kaubojske

6) Kada zavisna dolazi ispred nezavisne klauze odvajamo je zarezom: When the meeting was over, the refreshment committee served coffee and cake before everyone went home. (kada je sastanak bio zavren, osoblje je posluilo kafu i kola prije nego su svi otili kui) Primetite da nema zareza izmeu "coffee" i "cake", zato to zavisna klauza dolazi posle nezavisne klauze. 7) Zarezom se odvaja uvodna fraza, te izraz ubaen u reenicu koji ne donosi neku presudnu informaciju: On my way to school, I met three of my classmates coming out of the subway. (na putu prema koli, izlazei iz podzemne sreo sam troje kolskih kolega) Texans, as you know, are often the subject of jokes. znate, su esto predmet ale) Eddie will, in spite of my wishes, travel to Russia. eljama, putovati u Rusiju) (teksaani, kao to

(Eddie e, uprkos mojim

(15.3.) Dvotaka - The colon Dvotaka se koristi: 1) pre uvoenja liste pri nabrajanju: They must have: books, papers and pens. olovke) (Oni moraju imati: knjige, papire i

2) pre formalnog pitanja u reenici: The question is: what are we doing? (pitanje je: ta radimo?) He opened the meeting with the words: "War is upon us!" (poeo je sastanak reima: "rat je pred nama!")

3) pre klauze koja dolazi posle reenice i daje njeno objanjenje: His motives are clear: he intends to become a dictator. on nastoji postati diktator) (njegovi motivi su jasni,

4) da se posebno naznai vana re u reenici: King Midas cared for only one thing: gold. stvar: zlato) (kralj Midas je brinuo samo za jednu

5) posle uvodnog pozdrava u poslovnom pismu: Dear Ms. Weiner:

6) pri pisanju podataka: Title: Principles of Mathematics: An Introduction Reference: Luke 3:4-13 Numerals: 8:15 P.M.

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(15.4.) Taka-zarez - The semicolon Taku-zarez koristimo: 1) izmeu dve nezavisne klauze (reenice) koje nisu povezane dopunskim veznikom (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet): People are usually willing to give advice; they are much less inclined to take it. (ljudi obino rado daju savete; mnogo su manje zainteresirani da ih prime)

2) izmeu dve nezavisne klauze (reenice) koje su povezane sa veznim prilogom (however, nevertheless, furthermore, then, therefore, moreover, thus, etc.): Today people can buy what they want from supermarkets, department stores, and discount stores; but in Colonial days, when such conveniences did not exist, people depended on general stores and peddlers.

3) izmeu rei koje nabrajamo, ako one sadre zarez: The newly elected officers of the group are Thomas Mann, president; Emily Dickinson, vice-president; James Joyce, secretary; and Leo Tolstoy, treasurer.

(15.5.) Upitnik - The question mark Upitnik stavljamo na kraju direktnog pitanja. Where are you? (gde si?) Who wrote that book? (ko je napisao tu knjigu?) He shouldn't have quit his diet, should he? (nije trebao prekinuti svoju dijetu, zar ne?) Pazite da ne stavite upitnik na kraju indirektnog pitanja. The instructor asked the students what they were doing. (uitelj je pitao uenike ta e raditi) I asked my sister if she had a date. (upitao sam sestru ima li sastanak)

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(16.) Lista najeih imenica koji imaju nepravilne oblike u mnoini Singular abyss alumnus analysis aquarium arch atlas axe baby bacterium batch beach brush bus calf chateau cherry child church circus city cod copy crisis curriculum deer dictionary domino dwarf echo elf emphasis family fax fish flush fly foot fungus half hero hippopotamus hoax hoof index iris kiss knife lady leaf life loaf man mango memorandum mess moose Plural abysses alumni analyses aquaria arches atlases axes babies bacteria batches beaches brushes buses calves chateaux cherries children churches circuses cities cod copies crises curricula deer dictionaries dominoes dwarves echoes elves emphases families faxes fish flushes flies feet fungi halves heroes hippopotami hoaxes hooves indexes irises kisses knives ladies leaves lives loaves men mangoes memoranda messes moose

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motto mouse nanny neurosis nucleus oasis octopus party pass penny person plateau poppy potato quiz reflex runner-up scarf scratch series sheaf sheep shelf son-in-law species splash spy stitch story syllabus tax thesis thief tomato tooth tornado try volcano waltz wash watch wharf wife woman

mottoes mice nannies neuroses nuclei oases octopi parties passes pennies people plateaux poppies potatoes quizzes reflexes runners-up scarves scratches series sheaves sheep shelves sons-in-law species splashes spies stitches stories syllabi taxes theses thieves tomatoes teeth tornadoes tries volcanoes waltzes washes watches wharves wives women

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(17.) Izgovor Pronunciation (kopirano iz pdf e-knjige) Uei strani jezik, uenik je sklon da svaki pojedini glas izgovara veoma jasno. U engleskom jeziku, meutim, to ne treba da radite. Naglaeni, bold-irani, slog engleskih rei izgovara se s posebnom snagom, na tetu nenaglaenih slogova koji gube svoju punu vrednost, pa se njihov samoglasnik najee pretvara u poluglas . Uzmimo rei tailor (kroja) i sister (sestra). Zvrni glas im je isti, uprkos razliitom pisanju. U duim reima ova razlika dolazi jo vie do izraaja. Tako se ate (prolo vreme od glagola jesti) izgovara eit, ali u vieslonim reima isti takav zavretak svodi se na t: doctorate (doktorat). (17.1.) Naglasak. Veina engleskih rei, sa dva ili vie slogova, ima jedan naglaen slog, a ostali slogovi su nenaglaeni. Meutim, ima vieslonih rei koje imaju dva naglaska, jedan jai i jedan neto slabiji. Ne postoje sigurna pravila po kojima bismo mogli odrediti koji je slog u nekoj rei naglaen. Od pravila o naglasku ima izuzetaka. Sve jednoslone rei izgovorene pojedinano naglaene su, te se u fonetskoj transkripciji (Meunarodno drutvo za fonetiku) znak za naglasak ne stavlja. U reenici, mnoge od jednoslonih rei mogu biti nenaglaene, naroito ako su predlozi ili veznici. U dvoslonim i troslonim reima naglasak je obino na prvom slogu, ali i tu ima mnogo izuzetaka: u glagolima je naglasak ee na krajnjem slogu; u reima koje se zavravaju na -tion naglasak je na slogu ispred -tion, itd. Izgovor engleskog jezika razliit je u raznim krajevima u kojima ljudi govore engleski kao maternji jezik (Velika Britanija, SAD, Australija, Novi Zeland, zemlje u kojima ive engleski kolonisti). Engleski razliito izgovaraju i razni drutveni slojevi. Meutim, svi oni stavljaju naglasak na isti slog, bili oni iz Londona ili Glazgova, Njujorka ili Melburna, bili oni berai pamuka u Kaliforniji ili profesori univerziteta na Oksfordu ili Kembridu. Stoga je za savlaivanje engleskog jezika vanije da upamtite koji je slog naglaen (vidi Words Pronunciation) nego da savreno izgovarate pojedine glasove. Zato, obratite panju pri itanju tekstova i sluanju izgovora spikera u ovoj elektronskoj knjizi, u kojoj su naglaeni slogovi naznaeni masnim (bold-iranim) slovima. (17.2.) Samoglasnici Vowels U engleskom jeziku samoglasnika ima znatno vie i njihov izgovor je drukiji nego u srpskom. Ubrzo ete videti da svako od slova: a, e, i, o, u moe da bude znak za vie glasova, samoglasnika ili dvoglasnika. To ne treba da vas plai. Postepeno ete se u tome snai, ne koristei fonetske znake, sluajui paljivo izgovor vaih spikera.

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(17.3.) Dvoglasnici Diphthongs Pored samoglasnika, u engleskom jeziku postoje i dvoglasnici. Dvoglasnik je u stvari niz samoglasnika izgovorenih u jednom dahu. Oni se slivaju ujedno i nae uho razlikuje samo prvi i poslednji samoglasnik. Prvi galas u engleskom dvoglasniku je dui i naglaeniji od drugog.

(17.4.) Suglasnici Consonants Suglasnici se u engleskom jeziku obino jasno i snano izgovaraju. U poreenju s naim jezikom slabije se izgovara h. Ne bismo mogli da kaemo da se izgovor ostalih suglasnika podudara sa izgovorom istih suglasnika u naem jeziku, razlike postoje izmeu engleskog i srpskog t, p ,r ,l i drugih, ali one nisu tako velike da vas Englez ne bi razumeo ako ih ne izgovorite potpuno pravilno. Sluajte paljivo izgovor spikera, obratite posebnu panju na izgovor naglaenih slogova, i nastojte da to priblinije podravate govor izvornog spikera. Neki od suglasnika ne postoje u srpskom jeziku. Ne brinite zbog toga, multidimenzionalna metoda je tu da vam pomogne, fonetska transkripcija i njeni simboli vam uopte nisu potrebni, jer e tekstovi lekcija biti proitani i ponovljeni od strane spikera u svakom trenutku kada to poelite.

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(17.5.) Vie suglasnika More Consonants

(17.6.) Transkripcija izgovora. Po ovoj metodologiji, fonetska transkripcija vam uopte nije potrebna. Ali, potrebno je da napomenemo da pravopis engleskog jezika znatno odstupa od izgovora. Pravila za izgovor gotovo i nema, a ukoliko i postoje, izuzeci su toliko esti i mnogobrojni da se ne bi ni isplatilo uiti pravila. Pomono sredstvo za savlaivanje izgovora ovde vam je itanje, tj. govor izvornih spikera. Jo jednom da napomenemo: ako dobro obraate panju na naglaene boldirane slogove (vidi Words Pronunciation) i istovremeno paljivo sluate itanje spikera, iji su glasovi odvojeni razliitim bojama (uglavnom: muki crna, enski plava), vi eteubrzo izgovarati engleski na zadovoljavajui nain i bie vam lako da razumete glasove bilo u ivom govoru, bilo sa kompjutera, radija ili televizije. Ova elektronska knjiga poinje pred lekcijama Everyday English - Svakodnevni engleski sa nultom lekcijom, to svakako nije uobiajeno. Nulta lekcija je, u stvari, bila prva lekcija ranijeg izdanja Engleskog bez muke, koja poinje uvenom reenicom My tailor is rich Moj kroja je bogat. Za nas je to prijatno podseanje na nekadanji uveni bestseler, a za vas najbolji mogui uvod u uenje engleskog jezika. (18.) Glasovi engleskog jezika (Fonetika) Engleski jezik se govori u gotovo svim zemljama sveta, bilo kao maternji, bilo kao drugi ili strani jezik, i zbog toga ima mnogo varijanata (britanska, amerika, australijska itd.) koje se meusobno razlikuju na mnogo naina, a naroito u izgovoru. Na ovom kursu emo upotrebljavati standardni izgovor (Received ili Standard Pronunciation) engleskog jezika koji se govori u Velikoj Britaniji i koji koristi najvei broj ljudi irom sveta. Postoji mnogo glasova u engleskom jeziku koji se razlikuju od glasova u srpskom jeziku, a to proistie iz injenice da engleski pravopis (spelling) nije fonetski, kao to je to srpski. To znaci da Vukovo pravilo: Pii kao to govori, itaj kako je napisano! ne vai za engleski jezik, jer svakom glasu ne odgovara samo jedno slovo, nego su isti glasovi predstavljeni razliitim slovima ili kombinacijama slova. Ne moe se rei da u engleskom jeziku ne postoje pravila za itanje, odnosno pisanje, ali zbog postojanja velikog broja izuzetaka, vrlo je teko govoriti o pravopisnim pravilima. Zbog toga je jako bitno da se od poetka vodi rauna o tome kako se svaka nova re pie ili izgovara. Na ovom kursu koristiemo simbole fonetske azbuke Meunarodnog fonetskog udruenja da bi prikazali izgovor rei. Fonetski izgovor ili transkripcija rei uvek se pie malim tampanim slovima i u sledeim zagradama: / / ili [ ]. U glasovnom sistemu engleskog jezika razlikujemo samoglasnike ili vokale (vowels), dvoglasnike ili diftonge (diphtongs) i suglasnike ili konsonante (consonants).

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(18.1.) SAMOGLASNICI (VOWELS) Samoglasnici su glasovi prilikom ije artikulacije vazduh koji dolazi iz plua prolazi kroz usta slobodno, ne nailazei na prepreke. Poto se rezonacija usne duplje menja tako to usne i jezik zauzimaju razlicite poloaje, to nam omoguava da proizvedemo razne samoglasnike. U engleskom jeziku ima dvanaest samoglasnika: /i:/ /i/ 1 2 /e/ 3 /Q/ 4 /:/ 5 / / 6 /:/ 7 /u/ 8 /u:/ 9 // /:/ 10 11 // 12

Znak /:/ iza samoglasnika produava trajanje glasa. Kvalitet samoglasnika najvie odreuje poloaj jezika u usnoj duplji. Ukoliko se najvii deo jezika nalazi u prednjem delu usne duplje, onda je samoglasnik prednji, ako je u sredinjem delu samoglasnik je centralni, a ako je u zadnjem delu samoglasnik je zadnji. U zavisnosti od toga koliko je jezik podignut, odnosno koliko zbog svog poloaja zatvara usnu duplju, samoglasnici se dele na zatvorene i otvorene. Poloaj usana je drugi bitan faktor koji utie na kvalitet samoglasnika. Usne prilikom izgovora samoglasnika mogu biti: a) razvuene - za samoglasnike: /i:/, /i/, /e/. b) neutralne - za samoglasnike: /Q/, /:/, //, /:/, // c) zaokrugljene - za samoglasnike: //, /:/, /u/, /u:/ ENGLESKI SAMOGLASNICI KROZ PRIMERE 1. /i:/ tea /ti:/ - aj sheep /Si:p/ - ovca leave /li:v/ - napustiti 7. /:/ all /:l/ - svi shore /S:/ - obala horse /h:s/ - konj

2. /i/

it /it/ - to clinic /klinik/ - klinika ugly /gli/ - ruan

8. /u/

book /buk/ - knjiga full /ful/ - pun bush /buS/ - grm

3. /e/

yes /jes/ - da ten /ten/ - deset rest /rest/ - odmor

9. /u:/

too /tu:/ - takoe hoof /hu:f/ - kopito cool /ku:l/ - prohladan

4. /Q/

man /mQn/ - ovek lack /lQk/ - nedostatak apple /Qpl/ - jabuka

10. //

bus /bs/ - autobus cup /kp/ - oljica shut /St/ - zatvoriti

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5. /:/

car /k:/ - auto part /p:t/ - deo half /h:f/ - pola

11. /:/

girl /g:l/ - devojka bird /b:d/ - ptica herd /h:d/ - krdo

6. //

on /n/ - na shop /Sp/ - prodavnica hot /ht/ - vrue

12. //

address /dres/ - adresa able /eibl/ - sposoban handsome /hQnsm/ - zgodan

(18.2.) DVOGLASNICI (DIPHTONGS) Dvoglasnik je glas koji se sastoji od dva samoglasnika meusobno povezana u jedan slog. U svim engleskim dvoglasnicima prvi element je dui i naglaen, dok je drugi krai i ne naglaen. U engleskom jeziku ima 8 dvoglasnika: /ei/ 1 /ai/ 2 /i/ 3 /au/ 4 /u/* 5 /i/ 6 /E/ 7 /u/ 8

*Napomena: U nekim renicima i udbenicima ovaj diftong se obeleava kao /u/. Kvalitet prvih elemenata dvoglasnika /ei/, /E/, /ai/ i /au/ je vrlo slian kvalitetu srpskih samoglasnika e i a. Prvi element dvoglasnika /i/ najblii je engleskom samoglasniku //. Prvi element dvoglasnika /u/ izgovara se kao engleski samoglasnik //. Prvi elementi dvoglasnika /i/ i /u/ imaju vrednost engleskih samoglasnika /i/ i /u/. Drugi element dvoglasnika /ei/, /ai/, /i/ ima vrednost engleskog samoglasnika /i/. Drugi element dvoglasnika /au/ i /u/ ima vrednost engleskog samoglasnika /u/. Kod ovih dvoglasnika drugi element je vrlo slabo izraen. Kod dvoglasnika /i/, /E/ i /u/ drugi element je jednak engleskom samoglasniku //. Svi engleski dvoglasnici su neto dui na kraju rei i ispred zvunih suglasnika, a krai ispred bezvunih suglasnika. ENGLESKI DVOGLASNICI KROZ PRIMERE 1. /ei/ late /leit/ - kasno cake /keik/ - kolac grape /greip/ - groe 2. /ai/ right /rait/ - desno kite /kait/ - zmaj ice /ais/ - led 6. /i/ 5. /u/ ocean /uSn/ - okean hotel /hutel/ - hotel joke /dZuk/ - sala here /hi/ - ovde clear /kli/ - jasan ear /i/ - uvo

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3. /i/

soil /sil/ - tlo boy /bi/ - deak coin /kin/ - novi

7. /E/

mare /mE/ - kobila chair /tSE/ - stolica rare /rE/ - redak

4. /au/

cow /kau/ - krava shout /Saut/ - vikati doubt /daut/ - sumnjati

8. /u/

tour /tu/ - obilazak doer /du/ - vrilac your /ju/ - va, tvoj

(18.3.) SUGLASNICI (CONSONANTS) Suglasnici su glasovi koji nastaju kad vazduh prilikom prolaza kroz usnu duplju na svom putu nailazi na neku prepreku. U engleskom jeziku ima 24 suglasnika. Prema nainu obrazovanja mozemo ih podeliti na sledee grupe: 1. PRASKAVI SUGLASNICI (PLOZIVI) zvuni bezvuni /b/ /d/ /g/ /p/ /t/ /k/ 4. SLOENI SUGLASNICI (AFRIKATI) zvuni /dZ/ bezvuni /tS/

2. STRUJNI SUGLASNICI (FRIKATIVI) zvuni bezvuni /z/ /D/ /Z/ /v/ /r/ /s/ /T/ /S/ /f/ /h/

5. NOSNI SUGLASNICI (NAZALI) /m/ /n/ /N/

3. BONI SUGLASNICI (LATERALI) /l/

6. POLUSAMOGLASNICI (POLUVOKALI) /w/ /j/

Veina engleskih suglasnika je slina ili ista kao srpski, a ovde emo ukazati na one koji se razlikuju od suglasnika u srpskom jeziku. /d/ Englesko /d/ je tvri glas od srpskog d. Obrazuje se tako to se vrhom jezika pritisne mesto neposredno iza prednjih gornjih zuba, pa se onda jezik odvoji i vazduh sakupljen u ustima ispusti. /t/ Englesko /t/ je za razliku od srpskog t aspirovano. Obrazuje se na isti nacin kao englesko /d/, s tim to je za razliku od njega /t/ bezvuan suglasnik. /p//k/ Ovi engleski glasovi su za razliku od srpskih aspirovani i tvri. /h/ Englesko /h/ je meke i manje ujno od srpskog h. U nekim sluajevima se gotovo i ne uje. Podsea na snanije disanje.

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/r/ Prilikom izgovora ovog glasa vrh jezika je podignut ka tvrdom nepcu, a njegov ostali deo se dri dosta nisko u ustima. Kod izgovora srpskog r vrh jezika moze da vibrira (treperi), to nije sluaj sa engleskim /r/. /v/ Obrazuje se kad se gornjim zubima pritisne spoljni deo donje usne. Trenje je vee nego za srpski glas v. /D//T/ Ovi glasovi se obrazuju kad se vrh jezika stavi ovla na samu ivicu gornjih zuba sa unutranje strane, s tim to se ispod njih ostavi mali prolaz za vazduh. Vrh jezika moze biti i blago isturen. Ako pri proputanju vazdune struje glasne ice trepere, izgovoricemo zvuni suglasnik /D/, a ako su glasne ice relativno mirne, izgovoricemo bezvuno /T/. /S/ /Z/ U poreenju sa srpskim ovaj engleski suglasnik je tamniji i meki. Tamnije i meke je od srpskog .

/l/ U engleskom jeziku postoje dve varijante glasa /l/: svetlo /l/ i tamno /l/. Svetlo /l/ stoji ispred samoglasnika i ispred /j/. Tamno /l/ stoji ispred suglasnika i na kraju rei. Prilikom izgovora obe ove varijante vrh jezika se nalazi odmah iza zuba, samo se menja poloaj njegovog ostalog dela. Kod svetlog /l/, koje je slino srpskom, srednji dio jezika se uzdie prema tvrdom nepcu i nalazi se u poloaju jedne vrste samoglasnika /u/. /tS/ Ovaj suglasnik je na pola puta izmeu srpskog i . /dZ/ Ovaj suglasnik je na pola puta izmeu srpskog d i . /N/ Najese se javlja ispred glasa /g/ i onda njegov izgovor ne predstavlja tekou jer se i u srpskom ovaj glas uje kada se n nalazi ispred g i k (npr. tango, banka). Meutim, kada iza /N/ ne slede ni /g/ ni /k/, ovaj glas je tee izgovoriti isto, bez pojave glasa /g/ na kraju. /w/ Prilikom izgovora ovog glasa usne su isturene i zokruene kao za srpski samoglasnik u, a zatim se naglo prelazi na sledei samoglasnik u rei. ENGLESKI SUGLASNICI KROZ PRIMERE

1. /p/

pen /pen/ - naliv-pero copy /kpi/ - kopija happen /hQpn/ - dogoditi se back /bQk/ - lea job /dZb/ - posao about /baut/ - oko tea /ti:/ - aj city /siti:/ - grad better /bet:/ - bolje

13. /s/

soon /su:n/ - uskoro sister /sist:/ - sestra dress /dres/ - haljina zone /zun/ - zona roses /ruziz/ - rue busy /bizi/ - zauzet

2. /b/

14. /z/

3. /t/

15. /S/

ship /Sip/ - brod sure /Su(r)/ - siguran station /steiSn/ -

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4. /d/

ladder /lQd:/ - merdevine day /dei/ - dan odd /d/ - udan key /ki:/ - klju cock /kk/ - pevac school /sku:l/ - kola

16. /Z/

pleasure /pleZ/ - zadovoljstvo vision /viZn/ - vid garage /gQr:Z/ - garaa

5. /k/

17. /h/

he /hi:/ - on whole /hul/ - celina behind /bihaind/ - iza hammer /hQm :/ - ekic mouse /maus/ - mi sum /sm/ - uma

6. /g/

get /get/ - dobiti ghost /gust/ - duh big /big/ - veliki church / tS:tS/ - crkva match /mQtS/ - ibica nature /neitS:/ - priroda judge /dZdZ/ - sudija age /eidZ/ - doba soldier /souldZ:/ - vojnik

18. /m/

7. /tS/

19. /n/

nice /nais/ - prijatan sun /sn/ - sunce funny /fni:/ - smean

8. /dZ/

20. /N/

drink /driNk/ - piti ring /riN/ - zvono long /lN/ - dug

9. /f/

fat /fQt/ - mast coffee /kfi:/ - kafa half /h:f/ - pola

21. /l/

love /lv/ - ljubav feel /fi:l/ - oseati hello /helu/ - zdravo

10. /v/

move /mu:v/ - preseliti very /veri/ - veoma heavy /hevi:/ - teak

22. /r/

red /red/ - crven sorry /sri/ - oprostite right /rait/ - pravda

11. /T/

thing /TiN/ - stvar author /T:/ - autor month /mnT/ - mesec

23. /j/

yet /jet/ - ipak use /ju:s/ - upotreba beauty /bju:ti:/ - lepota

12. /D/

this /Dis/ - ovo other /D:/ - drugi with /wiD/ - sa

24. /w/

one /wn/ - jedan wet /wet/ - vlaan queen /kwi:n/ - kraljica

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