ENGLESKI ZA SVAKOGA

ENGLESKAGRAMATIKA




Huso Jaarevi
Oktobar 2011




2 .
GLAGOLI
Verbs
1. Glagol je najvanija rije u reenici i nijedna se potpuna reenica ne moe izrei bez
glagola .
Glagolima izraavamo radnju ( to write -pisati , to work -raditi ,to dig -kopati ) zbivanje
( to rise - dizati se , to fall - padati , to blow , duhati ) i stanje ( to lie - leati , to sit -sjediti ,
to sleep -spavati ) .

2 . U engleskom jeziku ima pravilnih i nepravilnih glagola . kod pravilnih glagola dovoljno
je
za tvorbu svih vremena znati njihov infinitiv , dok je kod nepravilnih glagola potrebno
znati
njihove glavne dijelove tj . infinitiv , preterit i particip perfekta , jer su ta tri oblika
potrebna za tvorbu vremena .
Zato nepravilne glagole uvijek dajemo u tri osnovna oblika . Npr . :

give ( dati ) gave given
shake ( drmati ) shook shaken
grow ( rasti ) grew grown

SVOJSTVA GLAGOLA

3 . Glagoli imaju ova svojstva :

1 . jedninu i mnoinu
2 . lica ( tri lica jednine i tri lica mnoine )
3 . vremena ( prezent , preterit , futur ... )
4 . nesvreni i obini oblik
5 . aktiv i pasiv
6 . naine ( imperativ , indikativ i konjuktiv . )

4 . U engleskim se gramatikama upotrebljava naziv tense ( npr. : present tense , preterit
tense itd . ) Tense znai glagolsko vrijeme .

PRAVILNI I NEPRAVILNI GLAGOLI

5. Pravilni glagoli tvore preterit i particip perfekta tako da se infinitivu doda nastavak -ed .
Npr . :
stay - stay - ed , ostati ; look - look - ed , gledati ; open - open - ed , otvoriti ;

6 . Ako se glagol u infinitivu svrava na - e , dodaje se samo -d . Npr . : smile - smile-d ,
smijeiti se ; hope - hope-d , nadati se itd .

7 . Nepravilni glagoli tvore preterit i particip perfekta na razne naine :

1 . Preterit i particip perfekta imaju isti oblik :

stand ( stajati ) stood stood
think ( misliti ) thought thought
3 .

2 . Sva su tri oblika razliita :

sing ( pjevati ) sang sung
drive ( tjerati ) drove driven

3 . Sva su tri oblika jednaka :

hit ( udariti ) hit hit
put ( metnuti ) put put


PRELAZNI , NEPRELAZNI I POVRATNI GLAGOLI

8 . Prelazni su glagoli oni uz koje moe stajati u akuzativu . Npr . :


They built the bridge last year . Sagradili su most prole godine .
Before leaving they sold the car . Prije odlaska prodali su auto .

9 . Neprelazni su glagoli oni uz koje ne moe stajati objekat . Npr . :

He returned home last night . Vratio se sino kui .
We were layng in the sun . Leali smo na suncu .

10 . Povratni su glagoli oni kod kojih se radnja vraa na subjekat . Uz takve glagole stoje
povratne zamjenice . Npr . :

They have always been able to defend themselves . Oni su se uvijek mogli obraniti .
When she saw herself in her new hat , she smiled . Kad se vidjela u svom novom eiru ,
nasmijeila se .
11 . Pomoni glagoli slue za tvorbu sloenih glagolskih vremena , npr . :

perfekta ( I have spoken - govorio sam ) , futura ( Ishall speak - govorit u ) itd .

Pomoni su glagoli :

be , have , do , shall , should , will , would .

12 . Defektni su glagoli :

can , could , may , might , must , ought , need , dare shall , should , wil , would .

13 . Bezlini su glagoli oni koji se upotrebljavaju samo u 3 . licu jednine sa it . Takvi
glagoli
obino oznauju vremenske uvjete . Npr , :

it rains - pada kia
it is snowing - pada snijeg .


4 .



TVORBA ODRINOG OBLIKA GLAGOLA



14 . Pomoni i defektni glagoli tvore odrini oblik tako da se not stavi iza glagola . Npr. :

I was not here yesterday . Juer nisam bio ovdje .
I am not playing tennis . Ne igram tenis .
She was not singing . Ona nije pjevala .
They will not come back . Oni se nee vratiti .
We have not answered his letter . Nismo odgovorili na njegovo pismo .
She cannot speak French . Ona ne zna govoriti francuski .
You must not forget your promise . Ne smijete zaboraviti svoje obeanje .


15 . Glagoli punog znaenja , tj . svi glagoli osim pomonih i defektivnih , tvore negativni
oblik prezenta i preterita s pomonim glagolom do . Npr. :

I do not like cold drinks . Ne volim hladna pia .
She does not play the piano . Ona ne svira klavir .
They did not arrive in time . Nisu stigli na vrijeme .



TVORBA UPITNOG OBLIKA GLAGOLA



16 . Pomoni i defektni glagoli tvore upitni oblik obratom ( inverzijom ) , tj . tako da se
glagol
stavi ispred subjekta . Npr . :

Is he a good chess - player ? Je li on dobar ahist ?
Has he often helped him ? Je li mu on esto pomogao ?
Can we get fruit at the greengrocer's ? Moemo li dobiti voe kod povrara ?
Must he stop smoking ? Mora li on prestati puiti?


17 . Glagoli punog znaenja tvore upitni oblik prezenta i preterita s pomou glagola do.
Npr:

Does he work in an office ? Radi li on u uredu ?
Do they like his lektures ? Sviaju li im se njegova predavanja ?
Did he bring her a present from Italy ? Je li joj donio poklon iz Italije ?
5 .

GLAGOLI BE - HAVE - DO

18. Glagoli be , have i do mogu biti pomoni glagoli i glagoli punog znaenja .

19 . Glavni dijelovi glagola be jesu :
be was been
( Konjugacija glagola be nalazi se u dodatku .)


BE KAO POMONI GLAGOL

20 . Kao pomoni glagol be se upotrebljlava :

za tvorbu nesvrenih vremena ( Continuous Tens ) . Npr . :

I am speking to you . Govorim tebi .
It was raining yesterday . Juer je padala kia .

za tvorbu pasivnih vremena ( Passive Tenses ) . Npr. :

He was wounded in an accident . Bio je ranjen u jednoj nesrei .
The house will be finished next year . Kua e biti zavrena idue godine .


BE KAO GLAGOL PUNOG ZNAENJA

21 . Glagol be u takvoj funkciji znai postojati , ivjeti , stii , posjetiti itd. Npr . :

They were there in time . Stigli su onamo na vrijeme .
There is still a lot of poverty in the world . Jo ima ( postoji ) na svijetu mnogo
siromatva .
Is there a butcher's in this street ? Ima li ( postoji li ) mesnica u ovoj ulici ?

22 . Bese vrlo esto upotrebljava kao dio imenskog predikata . Npr . :

He is very young . On je vrlo mlad
His brother was a sailor . Brat mu je bio mornar .
Gold is a metal . Zlato je kovina .
I am tired . Umoran sam .
He is ill . On je bolestan .
She was pleased . Bilo joj je drago .

23 . Be se upotrebljava u izrazima za dob , udaljenost i cijenu . Npr . :

She is twenty . Njoj je dvadeset godina .
This building is forty years old . Ova je zgrada stara etrdeset godina .
How far is it to the airport ? Kako je daleko do aerodroma ?
6 .


It is ten miles . Ima deset milja .
How much is a pound of tea ? Koliko stoji funta aja ?
It is 2000 dinars . Stoji dvije tisue dinara .

NAPOMENA :

24 . Kad govorimo o dobi ljudi , obino kaemo samo broj ( npr . : He is twenty - three , She
is
thirty itd. ) , a kad govorimo o starosti stvari , years i old se ne mogu izostaviti .


HAVE

25 . Glavni dijelovi glagola have jesu :

have had had
( Konjugacija glagola have nalazi se u dodatku . )


HAVE KAO POMONI GLAGOL

26 . S pomonim glagolom have tvore se ovi glagolski oblici :

perfekt ( I have spoken )
pluskvamperfekt ( I had spoken )
infinitiv perfekta ( to have spoken )
particip perfekta i gerund proli ( having spoken ) .


HAVE KAO GLAGOL PUNOG ZNAENJA

27 . Have iza kojega slijedi infinitiv izraava obavezu . Npr . :

They had to leave . Morali su otii .
I have to buy some chocolate for her girl . Moram kupiti okolade za njenu djevojicu .


28 . U toj se konstrukciji moe upitni oblik tvoriti s pomou do ili inverzijom , a odrini s
pomou do ili dodavanjem not . Npr . :

Did they have to leave ? Jesu li morali otii ?
Had they to leave ? Jesu li morali otii ?

They did not have to leave . Nisu morali otii .
They had not to leave . Nisu morali otii .


7 .


29 .Osnovno znaenje glagola have kao glagola punog znaenja jest posjedovati , imati . Npr

Her brother has a motor-boat . Njen brat ima motorni amac .
The baby has blue eyes . Djetece ima plave oi .
This girl has a lot of energy . Ova djevojka ima mnogo energije .

Kad have znai posjedovati ili imati , odrini se oblik tvori dodavanjem not , a upitni
inverzijom . Npr . :
Her brother has not a motor - boat . Njen brat nema motorni amac .


30 . U govornom sejeziku uz have koje znai posjedovati esto stavlja got . I have got
ima isto znaenje kao i I have . Npr .:

He has got a TV set . On ima televizor .
I have got no time . Nemam vremena .
Have you got a knife ? Imate li no ?

Kad have znai imati ili posjedovati , ne upotrebljava se u nesvrenim vremenima .


31 . Have se upotrebljava u nekim stalnim izrazima . Npr . :

to have breakfast - dorukovati
to have lunch - ruati
to have tea - popiti aj
to have a bath - kupati se
to have a good time - dobro se zabavljati .

32 . U takvim se izrazima upitni i odrini oblik uvijek tvori s pomonim glagolom do . Npr . :

When do you have breakfast ? Kada dorukujete ?
I did not have lunch yesterday . Juer nisam ruao .
Did you have a good time last week ? Jeste li se dobro zabavljati prolog tjedna ?

Causative have

33 . Have iza kojega slijedi objekt i particip perfekta oznauje da netko drugi vri radnju
reenice po eli i zapovijedi subjekta . Takvo se have u gramatikama obino zove causative
have. Npr . :

Last week I had a new suit made . Prolog sam tjedna dao napraviti novo odijelo
.
You must have the invitation cards Morate dati tampati pozivnice .
printed .
You have had your homework Dao si ispraviti svoju domau zadau .
corrected .

8 .

34 . Iz ovih prijevoda vidimo da se takvo have prevodi na bosanski glagolom "dati "

Uovoj je konstrukciji osobito vaan poredak rijei :

HAVE + OBJEKT + PARTICIP PERFEKTA

Ako taj red rijei izmjenimo , izmijenit emo i znaenje reenice . Usporedite :

I have weeded my garden . Oplijevio sam svoj vrt .
I have my garden weeded . Dajem plijeviti vrt .

35 . U ovoj se konstrukciji glagol have moe zamijeniti i glagolom get . Npr . :

She got her dress mended . Dala je popraviti haljinu .
You must get your car polished . Morate dati polirati auto .

36 . Upitni se i odrini oblik glagola have u toj konstrukciji tvori s pomonim glagolom do .

Did you have a new suit made ? Jesi li dao napraviti novo odijelo ?
I didn't have my homework corrected , Nisam dao ispraviti svoju domau zadau ,
I corrected it muself . sam sam je ispravio .

Do

37 Glavni dijelovi glagola do jesu :

do did done
( Konjugacija glagola do nalazi se u dodatku . )


Do kao pomoni glagol :

38 . S pomonom glagolom do tvori se upitni i odrini oblik prezenta i preterita glagola
punog znaenja . Npr . :
Does he drive a car ? Vozi li on autom ?
You do not understand me . Vi me ne razumijete .
They did not arrive in time . Nisu stigli na vrijeme .
Did you ring him up last night ? Jesi li ga sino nazvao ?

39 . U imperativu , prezentu i preteritu upotrebljava se pomoni glagol do i u potvrdnim
reenicama ako elimo istaknuti glagol . Takvo se do zove emfatino do ( Emphatic
do ) Npr . :

Do sit down ! Ta sjedni !
I was told not to smoke but Idid smoke . Rekli su mi da ne puim , ali ja sam ipak puio
.
I dolike these cakes . Zaista volim ove kolae .
9 .


Do se esto upotrebljava da bi se izbjeglo ponavljanje glavnog glagola , i to :

40 . u kratkim odgovorima . Npr. :

Did you go to the cinema yesterday ? Jesi li sino iao u kino ?
Yes , I did . Jesam .

Do you read in the evening ? ita li uvee ?
Yes , I do . itam .
Does your brother smoke ? Pui li tvoj brat ?
No , he doesn't . Ne , ne pui .

41 . uz so , iza kojega slijedi pomoni glagol , a onda subjekt .Npr . :

He swims well , and so does his sister . On dobro pliva , a isto tako i njegova sestra .
She went to France last year , and so did Ona je prole godine otila u Francusku , a
her mother . i njena majka je otila .

42 . u dodatnom pitanju . Npr . :

You know what I mean , don't you ? Ti zna to hou da kaem , zar ne ?
He took his degree in October ,didn't he ? On je diplomirao u oktobru , zar ne ?


DO KAO GLAGOL PUNOG ZNAENJA

43 . Do se upotrebljava u znaenju initi , raditi . Npr . :

They did their job very well . Oni su vrlo dobro obavili svoj posao .
He did not do what he had promised . Nije uinio to je obeao .
When does she do the room ? Kada ona sprema sobu ?
What are you doing ? to radite ?

44 . NAPOMENA

Pri upoznavanju vrlo se esto upotrebljava izraz " How do you do ? " , koji odgovara
bosanskom izrazu " Drago mi je " . Taj se izraz ne smije upotrebiti umjesto "How are
you ?",
koji znai " Kako ste ? "


GLAGOLI CAN

45 . Can , may i mast su defektni glagoli , to znai da nemaju svih oblika .
Njihove su zajednike osobine :



10 .
1 . imaju samo oblik za prezent i preterit , a must samo za prezent ,

2 . nemaju nastavka - s u 3. licu jednine prezenta ,

3 . upitni im se oblik prezenta ( i preterita , ako ga imaju ) tvori inverzijom , tj .
stavljanjem
glagola pred subjekt , a odrini dodavanjem not .

Iza defektivnih glagola dolazi infinitiv bez 'to'.

CAN

46 . Can ima samo dva oblika : prezent can i preterit could .

( Konjugacija glagola can nalazi se u dodatku . ) Njegov se infinitiv , kao i ostali oblici
izraava sa to be able - moi . Npr . :

He can do it easily . On to moe lako uiniti .
He could not sleep last night . Prole noi nije mogao spavati .
I cannot help you . Ne mogu ti pomoi .
Will he be able to pass his exam ? Hoe li on moi poloiti ispit ?
I haven't been able to get the tickets . Nisam mogla dobiti karte .

Napomena

47. Gagol can je jedini glagol u engleskom jeziku koji se pie zajedno sa negacijom not
/cannot/.

Glagolom "can" izraavamo:
48. sposobnost. Na pr.:

Can you take down that box from Moe li skinuti onu kutiju s police?
the shelf?
No, I can
,
t,it
,
s too high for me Ne, ne mogu,previsoko mi je.
Can you play the violin? Znate li svirati violinu?
Can you read Greek? Zna li itati grki?

49. njime pitamo za dozvolu.Na pr.:

Can I go to the river, father? Smijem li poi do rijeke, oe?
He asks if he can take my bicycle On pita da li smije uzeti moj bicikl?

50. Pitanje za dozvolu esto se izraava i sa could, koje ima uljudnije znaenje. Na pr.:

Could I have one of your cigarettes? Da li bih smio uzeti jednu od vaih cigareta?
Could I open the window? Da li bih smio otvoriti prozor?



11 .
May

51. May ima samo prezent may i preterit might. Njegov se infinitiv i ostali oblici izraavaju
sa to be permitted ili to be allowed-smjeti. Na pr.:

You may come any time today. Moete /smijete/ doi danas u bilo koje vrijeme.
Might I see you home? Da li bih vas smio otpratiti kui?
He was not allowed to leave the Nije smio /nije mu bilo doputeno/ da ode iz domo-
country. vine.
You are not permitted to take Ovdje ne smijete fotografirati.
photographs here.


Glagolom "may" izraavamo

52. dozvolu. Na pr.:

You may enter now. Smijete sada ui.
May I use your typewriter this afternon? Smijem li se posluiti vaim pisaim strojem
Yes, you may. danas popodne? Smijete.

53. mogunost. Na pr.:

Take your umbrella. It may rain. Uzmi kiobran . Moglo bi biti kie.
You had better write your homework. Bilo bi dobro da napie domau zadau.
The teacher may ask for it. Moda e je nastavnik traiti.

54. Umjesto may moe se u gornjim primjerima upotrijebiti might , gotovo bez ikakve
promjene u znaenju:

It might rain.
The teacher might ask for it.

Must

55. Must ima samo prezent must. Njegov se infinitiv i ostali oblici izraavaju sa to have, to
be obliged - morati. Na pr.:

You must forget it. Mora to zaboraviti.
He must be more careful. Mora biti oprezniji.
Must you really go now? Mora li sada zaista ii?
You must not eat too much ice-cream. Ne smije jesti previe sladoleda.
He had to see his doctor. Morao je ii svome lijeniku.

They will have to take their children Morat e povesti djecu na more.
to the seaside.
She will be obliged to stay at home. Ona e morati ostati kod kue.

12 .
Glagolom "must" izraavamo:

56. obavezu. Na pr.:
It is getting late. You must go to bed. Ve je kasno. Mora poi spavati .
I must go shopping or there will be lunch Moram poi u kupovanje jer inae nee
biti
today. danas ruka.

57.savjet. Na pr.:

You must read this book; I am sure you Mora proitati ovu knjigu; Siguran sam
Will like it da e ti se sviati

When you come visit to London you must Kada doe u London,mora posjetiti
Tower.
visit the Tower.

58. vjerojatnost. Na pr.:
He must be seventy-five Mora da mu je 75 godina.
It is a beautiful fur-coat:it must cost a lot. To je krasan krzneni kaput;mora da
mnogo
stoji.
They must have been tired after this long Mora da su bili umorni nakon duge etnje.
walk.
The fire must have broken out during the Poar mora da je izbio u noi.
night.

59. Must znai obavezu, a must not zabranu. Na pr.:

The must get up earlu. Moraju rano ustati.
The must not get up earlu. Ne smiju rano ustati.

60 . Ne moram izraava se sa I need not . Npr . :

They need not get up early . Ne moraju rano ustati .

61 . Primjeri za must , must not i need not :

must
We must clean our rooms . Moramo oistiti svoje sobe .
You must take your dog with you . Morate povesti sa sobom svog psa .
He must wash his car . On mora oprati svoja kola .

must not
We must not lock the door. Ne smijemo zakljuati vrata .
You must not tell her that he is ill . Ne smijete joj rei da je bolestan .
You must not runafter the tram . Ne smije trati za tramvajem .

13 .
need not

You need not worry . Ne mora se zabrinjavati .
We need not hurry , there is plenty of time. Ne treba da se urimo , ima dovoljno
vremena .
You need not come before next week . Ne treba da doe prije idueg tjedna .








GLAGOL OUGHT



62 . Ought je defektivan glagol , a razlikuje se od ostalih defektivnih glagola po tome to iza
njega dolazi infinitiv sa to .

Ought ima samo jedan oblik . Npr . :

You ought to eat more fruit . Trebalo bi da jedete vie voa .




Glagolom " ought " izraavamo :




63 . moralnu obavezu . Npr . :

She ought to follow youradvice . Trebalo bi da se dri vaeg savjeta .
You ought not to forget your duties . Ne biste smjeli zaboraviti svoje dunosti .

64 . savjet . Npr . :

You ought to see the new play , Trebalo bi da pogledate novi komad ,
it's very interesting . vrlo je zanimljiv .
You ought to stop eating so much bread . Trebalo bi da prestanete jesti toliko kruha .

Napomena : Za upotrebu should vidi t . 214 i 215


14 .







GLAGOLI PUNOG ZNAENJA

PREZENT
The Present Tense


65 . U engleskom jeziku postoje u prezentu , kao i u ostalim glagolskim vremenima ,
dva oblika : obini prezent ( The Simple Present Tense ) i nesvreni prezent
( The Present Continuous Tense ) .


Obini prezent ( The Simple Present Tense )


66 . Prezent glagola punog znaenja ima isti oblik kao infinitiv , osim u 3 . licu jednine ,
gdje se dodaje nastavak -s . Npr . :

Infinitiv : to open -otvoriti
Present : I open - otvaram
he opens -on otvara

67 . Odrini oblik tvori se od odrinog prezenta pomonog glagola do i infinitiva ( bez to )
glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

I do not open . -Ne otvaram .

68 . Upitni oblik tvori se od upitnog prezenta glagola do i infinitiva ( bez to ) glagola
koji mijenjamo . N pr . :

Do I open ? Otvaram li?

69 . Odrino - upitni oblik tvori se tako da se iza upitnog oblika prezenta glagola do stavi
not i infinitiv ( bez to ) glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

Do I not open ? Ne otvaram li ?


15 .


Oblici obinog prezenta glagola " open "

70 . potvrdno odrino

I open otvaram I do not open
you open otvara you do not open
he , she , it opens on , ona ono otvara he , she , it does not open

we open otvaramo we do not open
you open otvarate you do not open
they open oni otvaraju they do not open

upitno odrino - upitno

do I open? do I not open?
do you open? do you not open?
does he , she , it open? does he , she , it not open?
do we open? do we not open?
do they open ? do they not open?

71 . Umjesto punih oblika pomonog glagola do obino se u odrinom i odrino - upitnom
obliku upotrebljavaju saeti oblici ( contracted forms ) . Npr . :

I do not - I don't , he does not -he does't , do I not? - don't I ? does he not ? doesn't he ?

Napomene uz 3 . lice prezenta :

Nastavak -s u 3. licu prezenta moe se izgovarati na tri naina ,i to kao ( s ) , ( z ) i ( iz ) .

72 . Ako se infinitiv glagola u izgovoru svrava na bezvuan suglasnik ( p , k , t , f )
nastavak -s izgovara se ( s ) . Npr . :

stop prestati stops ( stups )
look gledati looks ( luks )
put staviti puts ( puts )

laugh smijatise laughs ( la:fs )

73 . Ako se infinitiv glagola uizgovoru svrava na zvuni suglasnik ( b , d , g , n , m , l )
ili na samoglasnik , nastavak -s izgovara se ( z ) . Npr . :

open otvoriti opens ( oupnz )
play igrati plays ( pleiz )
dig kopati digs ( digz )
16 .


74 . Ako se glagol u izgovoru svrava na s , z , , , i d , dodaje se u 3 . licu jednine
prezenta nastavak - es , koji se izgovara ( iz ) . Npr . :

kiss poljubiti kisses ( ' kisiz )
brush oetkati brushes ( ' br.]iz )
reach dosegnuti reaches ( ' ri:t]iz )

75 . Ako se glagol u infinitivu svrava na - e , dodaje se u 3 . licu samo -s . Npr .:

close zatvoriti closes ( ' klouziz )
change mijenjati changes ( ' t]eind
3
iz )
smile smijeiti se smiles ( ' smailz )
leave ostaviti leaves ( ' li:vz )

76 . Glagoli koji se u infinitivu svravaju na - o dobivaju u 3 . licu nastavak - es , koji se
izgovara
( z ) . Npr . :

go ii goes ( gouz )
do initi does ( d.z )

77 . Ako se glagol svrava na -y u i i dodaje nastavak -es . Npr . :

worry zabrinjavati se worries
marry oeniti se marries
carry nositi carries
cry plakati cries

Ako je ispred -y samoglasnik , nema pred nastavkom - s u 3 . licu nikakvih promjena .
Npr :

obey posluati obeys
pay platiti pays
slay zaklati slays

obini se prezent upotrebljava :

78 . za radnju koja se redovito dogaa ili se u sadanjosti ponavlja . Uz takav prezent
moemo dodati izraze kao to su every week - svakog tjedna , every year -
svake godine , always - uvijek , sometimes - katkada , from time to time -
od vremena do vremena itd . Npr . :

He goes to a technical school . On ide u tehniku kolu .
My mother works in ashop . Moja majka radi u trgovini .
They go to the mountains every year . Oni idu svake godine u planine .
Our team plays football every Saturday . Naa momad igra nogomet svake subote .
17 .


79 . u opim tvrdnjama . Npr . ;

A child needs good care . Djetetu treba mnogo njege .
In our country cherries ripen in June . U naoj zemlji trenje dozrijevaju u lipnju .

80 . za izraavanje opepoznatih injenica . Npr . :

A year has 365 days . Godina ima 365 dana .
Light spreads much more quickly than sound .Svjetlo se iri mnogo bre nego zvuk .

81 . u poslovicama . Npr . :

After rain comes sunshine . Poslije kie sunce sja .
Too many cooks spoil the broth . Previe kuhara - pokvarena orba .

82 . u ivom opisivanju prolih dogaaja ( historijski prezent ) . Npr . :

She snatches the letter out of my hand , Ona mi zgrabi pismo iz ruke ,
tears it to pieces and throws it into the fire . rastrga ga na komade i baci u vatru .

83 . za buduu , unaprijed planiranu radnju . Takav se prezent estonalazi u prospektima
putikih agencija . Npr . :

We leave Zagreb at 6
30
, reach the Odlazimo iz Zagreba u 6
30
stiemo na
airport at 7 , take off at 7
30
and aerodrom u 7 , uzlijeemo u 7
30
i
arrive in London at 11 . stiemo u London u 11 .

84 u vremenskim i pogodbenim reenicama ako je u glavnoj reenici futur ili imperativ :

I shall ring you up when I come home . Telefonirat u ti kad doem kui .
He will finish his work if he has time . On e zavriti svoj posao ako bude imao
vremena .
Shut the window before the wind breaks it. Zatvori prozor prije nego to ga razbije vjetar
.




nesveni prezent ( The Prezent Continuous Tense )


85 . Nesvreni prezent tvori se od prezenta pomonog glagola be i participa prezenta glagola
koji mijenjamo .




18 .

86 . Particip prezenta tvori se tako da se infinitivu doda nastavak -ing . Npr . :

work - raditi working -radei
bring - donijeti bringing - donosei
play - igrati playing - igrajui

87 . Prema tome nesvreni prezent glagola read glasi :

I am reading - itam
you are reading - ita . . .

88 . Odrini oblik se tvori tako da se iza pomonog glagola stavi not . Npr . :

I am not reading - ne itam
you are not reading - ne ita ...

89 . Upitni oblik tvori se tako da se pomoni glagol stavi pred subjekat . Npr . :

am I reading ? - itam li ?
are you reading ? - ita li ? ...

90 . Odrino - upitni oblik tvori se tako da se iza upitnog oblika pomonog glagola stavi not
i particip prezenta . Npr . :

am I not reading ? - ne itam li ?
are you not reading ? - ne ita li ? ..

napomena uz particip prezenta
91 . Ako se glagol u infinitivu svrava na - e koje se ne izgovara , to- e pred nastavkom
- ing ispada . Npr . :

write - pisati writing - piui
smoke - puiti smoking - puei

92 . Ako se glagol svrava na jedan suglasnik ispred kojega stoji kratak , naglaen
samoglasnik,
krajnji se suglasnik ispred - ing podvostruava . Npr . :

hit - udariti hitting - udarajui
stop - prestati stopping - prestajui
permit - dopustiti permitting - doputajui
begin - poeti beginning - poinjui

93 . Krajnje se -l uvijek podvostruava . Npr . :
level - izravnati levelling - izravnavajui
travel - putovati travelling - putujui

19 .


nesvreni prezent upotrebljava se :

94 . za radnju koja se sada dogaa . Npr . :

The wind is blowing . Vjetar pue .
What is Jane doing ? to radi Jane ?
She is practising the piano . Vjeba klavir .

95 . za radnju u blioj budunosti , obino uz vremenske izraze kojipokazuju budunost
.Npr:

We are leaving this evening . Odlazimo veeras .
She is singing in the opera tomorrow . Ona sutra pjeva u operi .
He is meeting me at thestation at 7 . Doekat e me na stanici u 7 sati .

96 . za radnju koja se ne dogaa u ovom asu , ali je jo u toku . Npr . :

He is translating a novel by On prevodi jedan roman
William Faulkner . Williama Faulknera .
Have you heard that they are Jeste li uli da se
constructing a new type of submarine? izgrauje novi tip podmornice .

97 . za radnju koja se ponavlja , obino uz priloge koji oznauju ponavljanje . Npr . :

He is always askingquestions . On uvijek neto pita .
She is constantly complaining of the cold . Ona se neprestano tui da joj je hladno .



glagoli koji se ne upotrebljavaju u nesvrenom prezentu

98 . Najobiniji glagoli koji se ne upotrebljavaju u nesvrenom obliku jesu :
hear - uti , see - vidjeti , taste - okusiti , smell -mirisati , remember - sjetiti se ,
understand - razumjeti , wish - eljeti , want - htjeti , know - znati ... Npr . :

I hear a noise in the next room . ujem nekakvu buku u susjednoj sobi .
Stop ! Don't you see the red light ? Stani ! Zar ne vidi crveno svjetlo ?
This cake tastes good . Ovaj kola ima dobar ukus .
Do you remember our first dance ? Sjea li se naeg prvog plesa ?
Do you understand my words ? Razumijete li moje rijei ?
I wish you a lot of happiness . elim vam mnogo sree .
I know that you don't understand me . Znam da me ne razumijete .



20 .

99 . Treba paziti na razliku izmeu glagola see - vidjeti i look at - gledati ; hear - uti
i listen to - sluati .

See i hear oznauju nesvjesnu upotrebu osjetila , neovisnuo naoj volji , dok look at i
listen to upotrebljavaju i u nesvrenom obliku . Npr . :

What are you looking at ? to to gledate ?
I am looking at the beautiful flowers Gledam krasno cvijee
in your garden. u naem vrtu .
He is listening to the news . On sada slua vijesti .


PRETERIT
The PreteriteTense


100 . Preteritom u engleskom jeziku izriu se proli dogaaji , dok je u bosanskom jeziku
najobinije vrijeme za izricanje prolih dogaajaperfekt ( doao je , vidjela je , kupili
smo )


Tvorba preterita

101. Preterit pravilnih glagola tvori se tako da se infinitivu doda nastavak - ed . Npr . :

open - otvoriti I opened - otvorio sam

Ako se glagol u infinitivu svrava na - e , dodaje se u preteritu samo - d Npr . :

smoke - puiti I smoked - puio sam

102 . Preterit nepravilnih glagola ne tvori se prema stalnim pravilima , ve ga treba
nauiti za svaki glagol posebno . Npr . :

bring - donijeti I brought - donio sam
go - ii I went - iao sam
give - dati I gave - dao sam

103 . Preterit pravilnih i nepravilnih glagola ima samo jedan oblik za sva lica jednine i
mnoine .

1o4 . Odrini oblik preterita pravilnih i nepravilnih glagola tvori se od odrinog preterita
glagola do ( did not ) i infinitiva ( bez to ) glagola koji mijenjamo . N PR . :

I did not open - nisam otvorio
he did not bring - on nije donio




21 .

105 . Upitni oblik preterita pravilnih i nepravilnih glagola tvori se tako da se did stavi
ispred subjekta i doda infinitiv ( bez to ) glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

did you open? jesi li otvorio ?
did he bring ? je li on donio ?

106 . Odrino - upitni oblik preterita pravilnih i nepravilnih glagola tvori se tako da se iza
upitnog oblika preterita glagola do stavi not i infinitiv glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

did I not bring ? nisam li donio ?
did he not open ? nije li on otvorio ?



107 . Oblici preterita glagola " open "

potvrdno odrino

I opened - otvorio sam I did not open
you opened - otvorio si you did not open
he , she , it opened he , she , it did not open

we opened we did not open
you open you did not open
they opened they did not open


upitno odrino - upitno

did I open ? did I not open ?
did you open ? did you not open ?
did ( he , she , it ) open ? did ( he , she , it ) open

did we open ? did we not open ?
did you open ? did you not open ?
did they open ? did they not open ?

108 . Umjesto punih oblika pomonog glagola do upotrbljavaju se u odrinomi u odrino -
upitnom obliku saeti oblici . Npr . :


I did not - I didn't did I not - didn't I ?

22 .

Napomene uz tvorbu preterita

109 . Ako se glagol svrava na jedan suglasnik ispred kojega stoji jedan kratak , naglaen
samoglasnik , krajnji se suglasnik ispred - ed podvostruava . Npr . :

plan - planirati planned
skip - skakati skipped
drag - vui dragged

110 . Krajnje se -l uvijek podvostruava . Npr . :

level - izravnati levelled
travel - putovati travelled

111 . Ako se glagol svrava na - y ispred kojega stoji suglasnik , tajse -y mijenja u i ispred
nastavka -ed . Npr . :

worry - zabrinjavati se worried
cry - plakati cried
marry - oeniti se married

Ako ispred y stoji samoglasnik , nema pred nastavkom - ed nikakvih promjena . Npr . :

obey - posluati obeyed
stay - ostati stayed

Nastavak - ed u preteritu moe se izgovarati na tri naina : kao ( t ) , ( d ) i ( id ) .

112 . Ako se glagol u infinitivu svrava na bezvuan suglasnik ( p , k, f ,s, ) , nastavak
-ed izgovara se ( t ) . Npr . :

look - gledati looked ( lukt )
skip - skakati skipped ( skipt )
laugh - smijati se laughed ( la:ft )
push - gurati pushed ( pu]t )

113 . Ako se glagol u infinitivu svrava na zvuan suglasnik ili na samoglasnik , nastavak -
ed izgovara se ( d ) . Npr . :
open - otvoriti opened ( ' oupnd )
close - zatvoriti closed ( klouzd )
obey - posluati obeyed ( o'beid )

114 . Ako se glagol u infinitivu svrava na ( t ) ili ( d ) nastavak - ed izgovara se ( id ) .Npr .

command - zapovijediti commanded ( kc'ma:ndid )
mend - krpati mended ( ' mendid )
wait - ekati waited ( ' weitid )
23 .


Preterit se upotrebljava :

115 . za radnju koja se u prolosti zavrila . Stoga se preterit redovito upotrebljava u
reenicama sa prilokim oznakama koje oznauju prolo vrijeme , kao to su :
yesterday - juer , the day before yesterday - prekjuer , two weeks ago -
prije dva tjedna , in 1946 - 1946 . godine , i u pitanjima koja poinju sa when .

There was a strong wind on the Juer je bio jak vjetar na Kanalu .
Channel yesterday.
Two days ago I received a card from John . Prije dva dana primio sam kartu od Johna
.
When did you see the film ? Kada si vidio taj film ?

116 . kad se misli na neki proli dogaaj iako nije prilogom oznaeno vrijeme kad se
radnja dogodila . Npr . :

They met in Pris . Sreli su se u Parizu .
She left her umbrella inthe train . Ostavila je kiobran u vlaku .
Did you enjoy the concert ? Je li ti se sviao koncert ?

117 . u zavisnoj reenici ako je u glavnoj reenici preterit ( vidi pravila o slsgsnju vremena )
:

I thought he was an Englishman . Mislio sam da je Englez .
The teacher told me I talked too much . Uitelj mi je govorio da previe govorim .
She realized that he did not love Shvatila je da je on vie ne voli .
her any more .

118 . iza izraza kao :I wish - kamo sree da , if only - kad bi barem , it is high time -
krajnje je vrijeme , as if - kao da , koji oznauju neto to nije ostvareno ili se ne
moe ostvariti . Npr. :

I wish I had a new car . Volio bih da imam nova kola .
If only you were kinder to her . Kad bi ti barem bio bolji prema njoj .
He behaves as if he were my chief . Onse ponaa kao da je moj ef .

Nesvreni preterit ( The Preterite Continuous Tense )
119 . Nesvreni preterit tvori se od preterita pomonog glagola be i participa prezenta
glagola
koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

I was reading - itao sam

120 . Odrini oblik tvori se tako da se iza pomonog glagola stavi not . Npr. :

I was not reading - nisam itao

24 .


121 . Upitni oblik tvori se tako da se pomoni glagol stavi pred subjekt . Npr . :

was I reading ? - jesam li itao ?

122. Odrino - upitni oblik tvori se tako tako da se iza upitnog oblika pomonog glagola
stavi not i particip prezenta . Npr . :

was I not reading ? - nisam li itao ?

123 . Umjesto punih oblika pomonog glagola be obino se u odrinom i odrino - upitnom
obliku upotrebljavaju saeti oblici . Npr . :

I was not - I wasn't , you were not - you weren't , was I not ?
wasn't I? were they not ? - weren't they ?

Nesvreni preterit se upotrebljava :

124. za radnju koja je u prolosti trajala u asu kad se dogodila neka druga prola radnja .
Ta se druga prola radnja kazuje obinim preteritom . Npr . :

I was just having lunch when he rushed Upravo sam ruao kad je on uletio u
sobu .
into the room .
When he leftthe house the sun was shining . Kad je otiao od kue , sjalo je sunce .
When we arrived they were playing cards . Kad smo doli , oni su se kartali .

125 . za dvije radnje koje traju istovremeno , bez obzira na to kad su zapoele i kad e
se zavriti . Npr . :

The children were playing while their Djeca su se igrala dok su njihove majke
mothers were chatting . avrljale .
While it was raining , he was sitting Dok je padala kia on je sjedio u kavani .
in a cafe .
They were running across the field Trali su preko polja dok su padale bombe .
while the bombs were falling .

126 . u zavisnoj reenici umjesto nesvrenog prezenta ako je u glavnoj reenici preterit
( vidi pravila o slaganju vremena ) . Npr . :

I knew that he was talking to her Znao sam da se s njom razgovara o njenoj
keri .
about her daughter .
He could hear that the bell was uo je da zvono zvoni , a ipak nije otvorio
vrata .
ringing , and yet he did not open the door .


25 .

PERFEKT
The Present Perfekt Tense

127 . U engleskom jeziku perfekt nije prolo vrijeme kao u bosanskom . Engleskim
perfektom
kazuje se radnja koja je uvijek na neki nain povezana sa sadanjou . Zato se to
vrijeme
u engleskim gramatikama i zove Prezent Perfekt Tense .

Tvorba perfekta

128 . Perfekt se tvori od prezenta pomonog glagola have i participa perfekta ( The Past
Participle ) glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

I have taken - uzeo sam , he has forgotten - zaboravio je ,
she has answered - odgovorila je .

129 . Particip perfekta pravilnih glagola tvori se tako da se infinitivu doda nastavak - ed .
Prema tome je particip perfekta pravilnih glagola jednak preteritu , pa za particip
perfekta
vrijede one iste napomene koje vrijede i za tvorbu preterita .

130 . Particip perfekta nepravilnih glagola ne tvori se prema nekom stalnom pravilu , ve
ga treba nauiti za svaki glagol posebno . Npr . :

infinitiv : particip perfekta :
to forget - zaboraviti forgotten
to take - uzeti taken
to give - dati given

131 . Odrini oblik perfekta tvori se od odrinog oblika prezenta pomonog glagola have
i participa perfekta glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

I have not taken - nisam uzeo

132 . Upitni oblik perfekta tvori se od upitnog oblika prezenta glagola have i participa
perfekta . Npr . :

have I taken ? - jesam li uzeo ?

133 . Odrino - upitni oblik perfekta tvori se od odrino - upitnog oblika pomonog glagola
have i participa perfekta glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr .:

have I not taken ? - nisam li uzeo ?



26 .



134 . Umjesto punih oblika pomonog glagola have obino se upotrebljavaju saeti oblici .
Npr:

I have taken - I've taken , he has taken - he's taken , you have not taken -
you haven't taken , she has not taken - she hasn't taken , have we not taken ?
-haven't we taken ? - has he not taken ? - hasn't he taken ?


Perfekt se upotrebljava :


135 . za radnju koja je poela u prolosti i koja jo traje . Npr . :

He has been ill since February . Bolestan je ( ve ) od veljae .
He has lived here for three years . On ovdje ivi ( ve ) tri godine .
They have been absent for five weeks . Odsutni su ( ve ) pet tjedana .

Takav se perfekt gotovo uvijek prevodi na bosanski prezentom , uz koji esto stoji ve .


Napomena :

136 . Kad bismo u gornjim reenicama upotrebili preterit umjesto perfekta , njihovo
znaenje bi
se potpuno izmijenilo . Tako : He lived here for three years znai da je on ovdje ivio
tri godine , ali vie ne ivi ovdje . Isto tako : They were absent for five weeks
znailo bi da su bili odsutni pet tjedana , ali su se vratili i sada su tu .
Preteritom , dakle , izraavamo radnju koja je potpuno zavrena u prolosti i nema
veze
sa sadanjou .

Since

137 . Uz since redovito stoji perfekt jer since znai : od neke vremenske take u prolosti
pa do sada . Npr .:

Since his arrival he has worked Od svog dolaska on radi u jednoj kemijskoj
in a chemical plant . tvornici .
I have not seen him since Nisam ga vidio otkad smo se vratili iz Engleske .
we returned from England .




27 .


For


138 . For oznaava vremensko razdoblje . Ako to razdoblje see do sadanjeg momenta ,
upotrebljava se uz for perfekt , a ako je prolo , moramo upotrebiti preterit . Npr . :

They have been married for five years . Oni su u braku ve pet godina .
He has lived in this street for a long time . On u ovoj ulici stanuje ve dugo vremena .

ALI !

He lived here for five months , and now On je stanovao ovdje pet mjeseci , a sada je
he is in London . u Londonu .

139 . za radnju kod koje ne elimo istaknuti vrijeme kad se dogodila , ve samo
injenicu da se dogodila . Npr . :

I have been to London . Bio sam u Londonu .
She has bought a new dress . Kupila je novu haljinu .
He has lost his umbrella . Izgubio je kiobran .

140 . Kad bi smo spomenuli vrijeme kad se radnja dogodila , morali bismo upotrebili
preterit . Npr . :

I was in London last year . Bio samu Londonu prole godine .
She bought a new dress in January . Kupila je novu haljinu u sijenju .

141 . uz priloge vremena koji oznauju vremensko razdoblje koje jo nije zavreno .
Takvi su priloki izrazi : today - danas , this morning - jutros , this autumn -
jesenas , this year - ove godine , never - nikada , always - uvijek , Npr . :

I have worked hard today . Danas sam mnogo radio .
I have not seen him this morning . Jutros ga nisam vidio .
We have not had much fruit this autumn . Ove jeseni nismo imali mnogo voa .
She has always been fond of children . Uvijek je voljela djecu .
I have never seen such a pretty girl . Nikad nisam vidio tako draesnu djevojku .

142 . uz " just " za radnju koja se upravo zavrila . Npr . :

He has just finished his lecture . Upravo je zavrio svoje predavanje .
She has just returned from her holiday . Upravo se vratila s godinjeg odmora .

28 .


Nesvreni perfekt ( The Present Perfekt Continuous )

143 . Nesvreni perfekt tvori se od perfekta pomonog glagola to be i participa prezenta
glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

I have been reading - itao sam

144 . Odrini oblik tvori se od odrinog oblika perfekta pomonog glagola to be i participa
prezenta glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

I have not been reading - nisam itao .

145 . Upitni oblik tvori se tako da se iza upitnog oblika perfekta ponog glagola to be stavi
particip prezenta glagola koji mijenjamo .Npr . :

have I been reading ? - jesam li itao ?

146 . Odrino - upitni oblik tvori se tako da se iza odrino - upitnog oblika perfekta
pomonog
glagola to be stavi particip prezenta glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

have I not been reading ? - nisam li itao ?

Napomena :
147 . Umjesto punih oblika pomonog glagola to have upotrebljavaju se saeti oblici (
v.t.134 .)


Nesvreni perfekt se upotrebljava :

148 . za radnju koja ve neko vrijeme neprekidno traje , a vjerojatno e jo potrajati . Npr . :

He has been travelling for three months . On ve tri mjeseca putuje .
I have been speaking to you for two hours . Ve dva sata s vama razgovaram .
Our son has been reading Oliver Twist for Na sin ve dva mjeseca ita Olivera
two months . Tvista .

149 . Glagoli kao sit - sjediti , stand - stajati , lie - leati , rest - poivati , wait - ekati ,
koji oznauju stanje , gotovo se uvijek upotrebljavaju u nesvrenom perfektu . Npr . :

He has been lyving in bed for ten days . On ve deset dana lei u postelji .
He has been standing in the corridor for On ve pola sata stoji u hodniku .
half an hour .
She has been waiting forhim since four o'clock . Ona ga eka ve od etiri sata .


29 .


PLUSKVAMPERFEKT
The Past Perfekt Tense

150 . Pluskvamperfektom izraavamo prolu radnju koja se zavrila prije neke druge prole
radnje . Obino se upotrebljava u sloenim reenicama . Npr . :

When I came home they had gone tothe cinema .Kad sam doao kui , oni su bili
otili u kino .

Tvorba pluskvamperfekta

151 . Pluskvamperfekt se tvori od preterita pomonog glagola to have i participa perfekta
glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

I had taken - bio sam uzeo
she had forgotten - bila je zaboravila
he had answered - bio je odgovorio

152 . Odrini oblik pluskvamperfekta tvori se od odrinog oblika preterita pomonog
glagola to have i participa perfekta glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

I had not taken - nisam bio uzeo
she had not forgotten - nije bila zaboravila
he had not answered - nije bio odgovorio

153 . Upitni oblik plusvamperfekta tvori se od upitnog oblika preterita pomonog glagola to
have i participa perfekta glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

had I taken? - jesam li ja bio uzeo ?
had she forgotten ? - je li ona bila zaboravila ?
had he answered ? - je li on bio odgovorio ?

154 . Odrino - upitni oblik pluskvamperfekta tvori se od odrino - upitnog oblika
preterita pomonog glagola to have i participa perfekta glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr .
:

had I not taken ? - nisam li bio uzeo ?
had she not forgotten ? - nije li bila zaboravila?
had he not answered ? - nije li bio odgovorio ?

155 . Umjesto punih oblika glagola to have upotrebljavaju se u pluskvamperfektu saeti
oblici : Npr : I had taken - I'd taken , he had not taken - he hadn't taken ,
had they not taken - he hadn't taken , had they not taken ? - hadn't they taken ?
30.


Pluskvamperfekt se upotrebljava :

156 . za radnju koja se zavrila prije neke druge prole radnje . Npr . :

She suddently found that she had lost Odjednom je ustanovila da je izgubila
her camera . fotografski aparat .
When I called on him he had already left . Kad sam ga posjetio , on je ve bio otiao
.
He showed her the picture he had bought Pokazao joj je sliku koju je bio kupio
in Italy . u Italiji .

157 . u zavisnim reenicama uz after . Npr . :

After we had reached the top , we began Poto smo se popeli na vrh , poeli smo
to feel tired . osjeati umor .
His friends tried to help him after he had Prijatelji su nastojali da mu pomognu
lost all his money . poto je izgubio sav svoj novac .

158 . u zavisnoj reenici umjesto perfekta i preterita ako je u glavnoj reenici preterit . Npr :

I was told that our team had lost the game . Rekli su mi da je naa momad
izgubila igru .
He told me that he had bought a small Rekao mi je da je kupio kuicu na moru
.
house at the seaside .

159 . iza izraza : I wish - kamo sree da , if only - kad bi barem , as if - kao da ,
pluskvamperfektom se izraava neto to nije ostvareno u prolosti . Npr . :

I wish I had known this before . Kamo sree da sam to prije znao .
If only I had been more careful . Da sam barem bio oprezniji .
He pronounced English as if he Izgovarao je engleski kao da prije
had never heard anybody speak nije nikada nikoga uo govoriti
English before . engleski .

Nesvreni pluskvamperfekt ( The Past Perfekt Continuous )

160 . Nesvreni pluskvamperfekt tvori se od pluskvamperfekta pomonog glagola
to be i participa prezenta glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr .:
I had been reading - bio sam itao

161 . Odrini oblik tvori se od odrinog oblika pluskvamperfekta pomonog glagola to be
i participa prezenta glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

I had not been reading - nisam bio itao .


31 .


162 . Upitni oblik tvori se tako da se iza upitnog oblika plusvamperfekta pomonog glagola
to be stavi particip prezenta glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

had I been reading ? - jesam li bio itao ?

163 . Odrino - upitni oblik tvori se tako da se iza odrino - upitnog oblika plusvamperfekta
pomonog glagola to be stavi particip prezenta glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

had I not been reading ? - nisam li bio itao ?

164 . Umjesto punih oblika glagola have upotrebljavaju se saeti oblici
I hadn't been , hadn't I been ...



Nesvreni pluskvamperfekt se upotrebljava :


165 . za radnju koja je trajala prije neke prole radnje i vjerovatno se i nastavila . Npr . :

He talked about the novel Govorio je o romanu to ga je pisao .
he had been writing .
She showed me the pullover Pokazala mi je pulover to ga je plela .
she had been knitting .




Napomena :

166 . Kad bi u prethodnim primjerima umjesto nesvrenog pluskvamperfekta stajao obini
plusvamperfekt , znaenje bi se promijenilo . Npr . :

He talked about the novel he had written . Govorio je o romanu to ga je napisao .
She showed me the pullover she had knitted . Pokazala mi je pulover to ga je splela .

167 . u zavisnoj reenici umjesto trajnog perfekta i preterita ako je u glavnoj reenici
preterit ( vidi pravila o slaganju vremena ) . Npr . :

I knew that he had been working all night . Znao sam da je radio cijelu no .
She told me that her husband had been Rekla mi je da je njezin suprug
putovao
travelling the whole winter . cijelu zimu .
32 .



FUTUR

The Future Tense

168 . Futur je glagolsko vrijeme kojim se izraava budunost ( npr : doi u sutra , proitat
u
njegovo pismo ... )

169 . U engleskom jeziku budunost se moe izraziti na nekoliko naina :

futurom , nesvrenim prezentom , oblikom " going to " i prezentom .

170 . Futur se tvori s pomonim glagolima shall i will i infinitivom ( bez to ) glagola
koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

I shall ( will ) take - uzet u
you will take - uzet e
he ( she , it ) will take - on ( ona , ono ) e uzeti

we shall ( will ) take - uzet emo
you will take - uzet ete
they will take - uzet e ( oni , one , ona )

Vidimo da se shall ili will upotrebljavaju za 1. lice jednine i mnoine , a will za 2 . i 3 .
lice jednine i mnoine .

171 . Odrini oblik futura tvori se tako da se iza pomonog glagola shall ili will stavi not ,
a iza njega infinitiv ( bez to ) glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

I shall ( will ) not take - neu uzeti
you will not take -nee uzeti ...

172 . Upitni oblik futura tvori se da se shall ili will stavi pred subjekt i doda infinitiv ( bez to
)
glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

shall I take ? - hou li uzeti ?
will you take ? - hoe li uzeti ?

173 . Odrino - upitni oblik futura tvori se od odrino - upitnog oblika glagola shall ili will
i infinitiva ( bez to ) glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

shall I not take ? - neu li uzeti ?
will you not take ? - nee li uzeti ?


33 .



174 . U modernom se engleskom jeziku rijetko upotrebljavaju puni oblici . Umjesto njih
upotrebljavaju se saeti oblici ( contracted forms ) . Npr :

I shall take - I'll take
you will take - you'll take
I shall not take - I shan't take
you will not take - you won't take
shall we not take ? - shan't we take ?
will thwy not take ? - won't they take ?

Napomena :

175 . U modernom engleskom jeziku , a pogotovu u amerikom govoru , sve vie prevladava
upotreba glagola will u potvrdnom i odrinom obliku futura za sva lica jednine i
mnoine.


Futur se upotrebljava

176 . za istu budunost :

In three years Zagreb will have one Za tri godine Zagreb e imati milion
million inhabitans . stanovnika .
We shall finish this course in five months . Zavrit emo ovaj teaj za pet mjeseci .

177 . za izraavanje namjere , odluke , prijetnje ili obeanja . U tom sluaju upotrebljava
se za 1 . lice will , a za 2 . i 3 . shall . Npr . :

I will help him because he needs my help . Odluio sam mu pomoi jer mu je moja
pomo potrebna .
I will lend you any book you need . Posudit u ti svaku knjigu koju
treba ( obeanje )
You shall have a new hat as soon as Dobit e novi eir im dobijem plau .
I getmy pay .
You shan't go fishing with me tomorrow . Nee sa mnom ii sutra na ribolov .
( odluka , prijetnja ) .

Napomena :
Usporedite ova dva primjera :

I shall not speak German . Neu govoriti njemaki .
I will not speak German . Neu da govorim njemaki .


34 .



Nesvreni futur ( The Future Continuous Tense )

178 . Nesvreni futur tvori se od futura glagola to be i participa prezenta glagola koji . Npr .
:

I shall be reading - itat u
you will be reading - itat e...

179 . Odrini oblik tvori se tako da sefutur glagola to be stavi u odrini oblik i da mu se
doda
particip prezenta glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

I shall not be reading - neu itati
you will not be reading - nee itati

180 . Upitni oblik tvori se tako da se futur glagola to be stavi u upitni oblik i da mu se doda
particip prezenta glagola koji mijenjamo. Na pr.:

shal I be reading? - hou li itati?
will you be reading? - hoe li itati? i td.

181. Odrino-upitni oblik tvori se tako da se futur glagola to be stavi u odrino-upitni oblik i
da mu se doda particip prezenta glagola koji mijenjamo.Na pr.:

shall I not be reading? - neu li itati?
will you not be reading? - nee li itati?

Nesvreni futur upotrebljava se:

182. za buduu radnju koja e neko vrijeme trajati. Na pr.:

He will be playing in our team next Sunday. On nee u nedelju igrati u naoj
momadi.
We shall be travelling all night. Putovat emo cijelu no.

183. za buduu radnju koja e trajati prije i poslije nekog budueg momenta ili radnje.
Na pr.:
At eight o'clock tonight I shall be listening Veeras u osam sati sluat u radio.
to the wireless.

If you ring me up at seven o'clock I won't Ako me nazove u sedam sati, neu se
answer because Ishall be sleeping. javiti na telefon jer u /u to vrijeme/ sp
vati.



35.


Svreni futur / The Future Perfekt Tense/

184 Svreni futur tvori se od shall ili will i infinitiva perfekta / vidi 222/ glagola koji
mijenamo.
Na pr.:

I shall have taken -uzet u
You will have taken - uzet e i td.
Svreni futur upotrabljava se:

185. za radnju koja e biti zavrena do nekog odreenog momenta u budunosti.Uz svreni
futur uvijek stoji neka oznaka budueg vremena. Na pr.:


He will have sold all the tickets by Saturday. Do subote e ve prodati sve karte.

Before the end of the holiday he will have Prije zavretka praznika potroit e
spent all the money. ve sav novac.

By the time you get this letter I shall have Kad primi ovo pismo , ja u ve zapo-
begun the second part of my journey. eti drugi dio svoga putovanja.

Napomena

186.Kako vidimo iz navedenih primjera , engleski nesvreni futur prevodi se na bosanski je-
zik futurom nesvrenog glagola. Na pr.: I shall be speaking-govorit u; he will be swi-
mming-on e plivati; it will be raining-padat e kia itd.

Svreni futur prevodi se na na jezik futurom svrenih glagola. Na pr.:he will have
writen
- napisat e; we shall have arrived-stii emo; she will have left-ona e otii itd.
Izraavanje budunosti nesvrenim prezentom

187 . Nesvrenim prezentom izraavamo unaprijed dogovorenu radnju u blioj budunosti .
Stoga se uz to vrijeme obino upotrebljava neki prilog ili priloka oznaka koja to
oznauje:

We are playing footbal tomorrow . Sutra emo igrati nogomet .
I am coming after lunch . Doi u poslije ruka .
Our orchestra is playing in Switzerland Na e orkestar svirati u vicarskoj
next week . idueg tjedna .


36 .

188 . Glagoli koji se ne upotrebljavaju u nesvrenim vremenima ne mogu izraziti budunost
na taj nain . Npr . : know - znati , understand - razumjeti , hear - uti ...
Budunost tih glagola izraava se sa shall i will . Npr . :

I shall know all about it tonight . Sve u o tome saznati veeras .
You will hearfrom me soon . Uskoro u vam se javiti .
He will understand me better a few On e me bolje razumjeti za nekoliko
minutes . minuta .

189 . Glagol see moe se upotrijebiti i u nesvrenom prezentu za radnju u blizoj budunosti ,
ali u drugom znaenju . Npr . :

I am seeing him tomorrow . Sastat u se s njim sutra .
( tako smo se dogovorili ) .

Izraavanje budunosti sa " going to "

190 . Budunost se izraava i nesvrenim prezentom glagola go ( I am going , you are going
...)
i infinitivom glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr :

I am going to bui - kupit u
you are going to take - uzet ete
he is going to leave - on e otputovati ...

191 . Tim se oblikom izraava budua radnja koju subjekt poduzima svjesno i po svojoj
odluci
i zato se ee upotrebljava za osobe , a rjee za stvari . Npr . :

I am going to build a garage . Sagradit u garau .
We are going to sped our summer Provest emo svoje ljetne praznike
holiday at the seaside . na moru .
He is going to bui a new car . On e kupiti novi auto .

192 . Tim se oblikom moe takoer izraziti da je neko siguran da e se neto dogoditi . Npr :

Look at the sunset . It is going to be Pogledaj zalaz sunca . Sutra e biti
a lovely day tomorrow . krasan dan .
You have eaten toomany sweets . Pojeo si previe slatkia . Bojim se da e ti
I am afraid you are going to be sick . biti zlo .

193 . Uz glagole go i come ne upotrebljava se oblik going to . Umjesto njega obino se
upotrebljava nesvreni prezent tih glagola . Npr . :

I am going to the cinema ( umjesto: I am going to go ).
He is coming tomorrow ( umjesto : He is going to come )




37 .


Izraavanje budunosti obinim prezentom

194 . Katkada se budua , unaprijed planirana radnja moe izraziti i obinim prezentom .
Tim se oblikom obino sluimo kad iznosimo detaljne planove ekog putovanja ,
izleta itd . Npr . :

We leave Zagreb at 10 a . m . , arrive Odlazimo iz Zagreba u 10 sati ujutro ,
in Paris at 9
50
next day , stay in Paris dolazimo u Pariz u 9
50
idueg dana .
five hours and reach Calais about 9 p. m . Ostajemo u Parizu pet sati i stiemo u
Calais oko 9 uvee .


To bi se isto moglo izraziti i svim ostslim nainima za izraavanje budunosti, ali je
ovaj
nain, zbog svoje kratkoe, za takve svrhe najpodesniji.

Napomena

195.Ako ste u sumnji kojim da se od navedenih naina posluite za izraavanje budunosti
najmanje ete pogrijeiti ako se odluite za futur sa shall i will.





KONDICIONAL


T h e Co n d i t i o n a l
196. Kondicional se tvori od pomonog glagola should i would i infinitiva /bez to/ glagola
koji mijenjamo.

197. Sadanji kondicional tvori se sa should i would i infinitivom perfekta glagola koji mije-
njamo./Za tvorbu infinitiva perfekta vidi 222/ Na pr.:


I should take - uzeo bih
Sadanji kondicional
you would take - ti bi uzeo i td.





38.




Ishould have taken - bio bi uzeo
Proli kondicional
you would have taken - ti bi bio uzeo i td.



198.Odrini oblik kondicionala tvori se tako da se iza should i would stavi not. Na pr.:


I should not take - ne bih uzeo
you would not take - ti nebi uze i td.
I should not have taken - ne bih bio uzeo i td.
you would not have taken - ti ne bi bio uzeo i td.


199.Upitni oblik tvori se tako da se should ili would stavi pred subjekt. Na pr.:

should I take? - da li bih uzeo?
would you take? - da li bi ti uzeo? itd.
should I have taken?- da li bih bio uzeo?
would you have taken?-bi li ti bio uzeo? itd.

200.Odrino-upitni oblik tvori se tako da se iza should ili would i subjekta umetne not.Npr.:

should I not take?- ne bih li uzeo ?
would you not take - ne bi li ti uzeo? itd.
should I not have taken? - ne bih li bio uzeo?
would you not have taken - ne bi ji ti bio uzeo? itd.

201.U mjesto punih oblika upotrebljavaju se esto saeti oblici. Na pr.:

I should take - I'd take
you would take-you'd take
I should not take - I shouldn't take
you would not take - you wouldn't take
should I not take - shouldn't I take?
would you not take - wouldn't you take?


Kondicional sadanji i kondicional proli upotrebljavaju se u pogodbenim reenicama.


39.

Pogodbene reenice

202. Pogodbene reenice su zavisno-sloene reenice kojima se kazuje:

da e se neto ostvariti ako se ispuni neki uslov;
da bi se neto ostvarilo kad bi se ispunio neki uslov;
da bi se neto bilo ostvarilo da se ispunio neki uslov.
Na pr.:

Ako prestane kia, poi emo u etnju.
Kad bi prestala kia, poli bi smo u etnju.
Da je prestala kia bili bismo poli u etnju.

I u engleskom jeziku pogodbene reenice sastoje se od dva dijela: glavne reenice i
zavisne
reenice. Zavisna reenica obino poinje veznikom "if" pa se esto zove "if" clause.
Glavna reenica moe stajati ispred "if" reenice ili iza nje.
Na pr.:
We shall go for a walk if the rain stops. Poi emo u etnju ako prestane kia.
If the rein stops,we shall go for a walk. Ako prestane kia, poi emo u etnju.

203. U engleskom jeziku postoje tri glavna tipa pogodbenih reenica.


I

Glavna reenica "if" reenica

f u t u r p r e z e n t

I shall come if you invite me.
Doi u ako me pozove.
II

k o n d i c i o n a l p r e t e r i t

I should come if you invited me.
Doao bih kad bi me ti pozvao.


III

K o n d i c i o n a l p r o l i p l u s k v a m p e r f e k t

I should have come if you had invited me.
Bio bih doao da si me pozvao.
40 .

204. Prvim tipom /u glavnoj reenici futur, u zavisnoj prezent/ izraava se vjerovatna
pogodba
/probable condition/, to znai da e se vjerovatno ostvariti posljedica ako se ispuni
uslov
izraen u "if" reenici. Na pr.:

He will arrive in time if he catches Stii e na vrijeme ako ulovi voz u 7 sati.
the 7 o'clock train.

You will spend less money if you stop Potroit e manje novaca ako prestane
puiti.
If you come to London, I will meet at Ako doe u London , doekat u te na
the station. stanici.

205. Drugim tipom pogodbenih reenica /u glavnoj reenici kondicional ,u zavisnoj preterit/
izraava se nevjerovatna pogodba /improbable condition/.Takvim se reenicama kazuje
da
je malo vjerovatno , a katkada i sasvim nemogue , da se ispuni uslov izraen u "if"
ree-
nici. Na pr.:

If he had money, he would travel Kad bi imao novaca putovao bi oko
svijeta.
round the world.

Theuy would be successful if they Imali bi uspjeha kad bi vie radili.
worked harder.

If I were you, I would not wear Kad bih bio na tvom mjestu , ne bih
such a hat. nosio takav eir.

206. Treim tipom pogodbenih reenica /u glavnoj reenici proli kondicional, u zavisnoj
plus-
kvan perfekt/ izraavamo neostvarenu pogodbu u prolosti /unfulfilled condition/. Na
pr.:

If I had been more careful, the accident Da sam bio oprezniji , nesrea se ne bi
bila
would not have happened. dogodila.

If he had not been abroad last winter, he Da nije prole zime bio u inostranstvu,
bio
he would have got the job. bi dobio to namjetenje.

He would have caught cold if he had Bio bi se prehladio da je skoio u hladnu
jumped into the cold water. vodu.


41.

207. Ako pogodbenom reenicom izraavamo prirodne zakone i njihove nune
posljedice,stoji
u glavnoj i u "if" reenici prezent. Na pr.:

If it does not rain, the soil gets dry. Ako ne pada kia, tlo se sasui.
If I drink too much coffee,I cannot sleep. Ako pijem previe kafe, ne mogu spavati.
If the sky is covered with clouds, the night Ako je nebo pokriveno oblacima, no je
is dark. tamna.

.
Izostavljanje veznika "if"

208. U knjievnom se jeziku katkada u pogodbenim reenicama izostavlja "if", a glagol se
stavlja pred subjekt. Na pr.:

Had I met you before , I should have Da sam te prije sreo, bio bih ti pomogao.
helped you.

Had we lost the game , they would have Da smo izgubili igru , oni bi bili sretni .
been happy .
Should I be late for lunch , don'tworry . Ako bih zakasnio na ruak , nemoj se
zabrinjavati .
Shall - will Should - would

209 . Shall i will +infinitiv itraavaju istu budunost samo ako shall stoji u 1. licu jednine
i mnoine, a will u 2.i 3. licu.

Ostale upotrebe shall i will

210. Shall I answer the telephone ? to da joj kaem o tom pismu ?

211 . Shall u 2 . i 3 . licu jednine i mnoine izraava odluku , prijetnju ili obeanje ,
a u odrinom obliku zabranu . Npr . :

You shall speak to him ; it is my Ti e s njim govoriti ; to sam vrsto odluio .
firm decision .
He shall not marry her . Neu dopustiti da se njome oeni .
He said to me : " You shall have Rekao mi je " Ja vam obeavam da ete
your raise " dobiti poviicu ."

212 . Will u 1 . licu izraava namjeru , odluku ili obeanje . Npr . :

I will forget everything if you do Sve u zaboraviti ( obeavam ti ) ako to vie
not mention it any more . ne bude spominjao .
I will work harder because I want to Radit u marljivije ( odluio sam da radim )
pay my father's debts . jer elim isplatiti oeve dugove .



42 .



213. Will u upitnim reenicama izraava poziv ili molbu . Npr . :

Will you come to the cinema with me ? Hoete li poi sa mnom u kino ?
Will you open the door for me , please ? Hoete li mi , molim vas , otvoriti vrata ?
Will you have a cup of tea ? Izvolite li alicu aja ?

214 . Should i would + infinitiv ne izraavaju samo kondicional , ve se upotrebljavaju
i u nekim posebnim sluajevima .

Should u svim licima izraava moralnu obavezu ili dunost . Npr . :

You should show more understanding for Morali biste pokazivali vie razumjenja
these old people . za te stare ljude .
She should pay more atention to her Morali bi obratiti vie panje svome
pronunciation . izgovoru .

215 . Should s infinitivom perfekta izraava neispunjenu dunost . Npr .

You should have come to his Trebalo je da doe na sprovod njegove
majke .
mother's funeral
He should have consulted the doctor . Trebalo je da upita lijenika za savjet .

216 . Would u upitnim reenicama izraava uljudnu molbu . Npr . :

Would you kindly give me that ashtray ? Hoete li mi , molim vas dati onu pepeljaru
?
Would you , please , mail this letter Hoete li mi , molim vas , predati ovo pismo
for me ? na potu ?

217 . Would izraava uobiajenu radnju u prolosti . Npr . :

Every afternoon the old man would sit Starac bi svako popodne sjedio kraj prozora
in his armchair by the window . u svom naslonjau .
Whenever he was free , he would play Kad god je bio slobodan , igrao se sa svojim
with his little son . siniem .

218 . Would se upotrebljava u frazama I would sooner , I would rather - bilo bi mi milije ,
ja bih radije . Iza tih fraza dolazi infinitiv bez to . Npr . :

He would rather live in his own country On bi radije ivio u svojoj zemlji
than abroad . nego u inozemstvu .
They would sonner die than break Oni bi radije umrli nego prekrili
their promise . svoje obeanje .
43 .

INFINITIV
The Infinitive

219 . Infinitiv ili neodreeni oblik glagola u engleskom jeziku obino dolazi sa prijedlogom
to .
U bosanskom postoji samo jedan oblik za infinitiv , dok u engleskom razlikujemo
nekoliko
oblika infinitiva .

220 . Infinitiv prezenta : to come - doi , to speak - govoriti , to learn - uiti itd . Npr :

He wantid to come at once . Htio je odmah doi .

221 . Nesvreni infinitiv prezenta : to be working - raditi , to be coming - dolaziti itd . Npr . :

She seems to be coming regularly. ini se da ona redovito dolazi .

Nesvreni infinitiv prezenta tvori se od infinitiva glagola to be i participa prezenta
glagola
koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

222 . Infinitiv perfekta : to have come , to have spoken , to have understood itd . Npr . :

He was sorry to have come . Bilo mu je ao da je doao .

Infinitiv perfekta tvori se od infinitiva pomonog glagola to have i participa perfekta
glagola koji mijenjamo .

223 . Nesvreni infinitiv perfekta : to have been reading , to have been writing ,
to have been sending itd . Taj se infinitiv vrlo rijetko upotrebljava .
Nesvreni infinitiv perfekta tvori se od infinitiva perfekta glagola to be ( to have been )
i participa prezenta glagola koji mijenjamo .

224 . Infinitiv prezenta pasivni : to be taught - biti pouavan , to be sent - biti poslan , to be
closed - biti zatvoren itd . Npr . :

To punish is sometimes worse than Katkada je gore kazniti nego biti kanjen .
to be punished .

225 . Infinitiv perfekta pasivni : to have been cured , to have been sent ,
to have been punished itd . Npr . :

It is a good thing for him to have been Za njega je dobro da su ga poslali u
sent to an English school . englesku kolu .

Infinitiv perfekta pasivni tvori se od infinitiva perfekta glagola to be ( to have been )
i participa perfekta glagola koji mijenjamo .


44 .


Infinitiv se upotrebljava :

226 . za izraavanje namjere . Npr . :

She went to the country to see her friend . Pola je na selo da posjeti svoju prijateljicu .
His uncle sent him to London to study Njegov ga je stric poslao u London da
English literature . studira englesku literaturu .
He got up early in order to have a walk . Ustao je rano ( s namjerom )
da bi se proetao .

Znaenje namjere pojaava se ako se fraza in order stavi pred infinitiv .

227 . iza mnogih glagola u konstrukciji objekat + infinitiv ( tzv . akuzativ s infinitivom ) .
To su glagoli koji izraavaju : elju (npr . want , wish , desire ) ; zapovijed ( npr . order -
naloiti , command - zapovjediti ; ask - traiti ) ; izricanje ( npr . tell - rei , invite -
pozvati ) ; osjeanje ( npr .like - voljeti , love - ljubiti , hate - mrziti , dislike - ne voljeti ) i
mnogi drugi . Npr . :

His father wanted him to become a doctor . Njegov je otac elio da on postane lijenik
.
They ordered him to leave the room . Naloili su mu da izie iz sobe .
She asked me to lay the table . Zamolila me je da prostrem stol .
I told him to stay at home . Rekao sam mu neka ostane kod kue .
They invited him to come to dinner . Pozvali su ga da doe na veeru .
I like my coat to be well cut . Volim da mi je kaput dobro skrojen .
He hates his room to be too hot . On ne voli kad mu je soba prevrua .

Napomena :
228 . Ta se konstrukcija ( akusativ s infinitivom ) prevodi na bosanski redovito zavisnom
reenicom , kao to to vidimo iz navedenih prijevoda .

229 . iza nekih glagola , npr . to know - znati , to teach - pouavati , to learn - uiti itd.
stavlja se pred infinitiv rije how . Npr . :

She does not know how to dance . Ona ne zna plesati .
He taught him how to draw . Nauio ga je crtati .
By reading good authors we learn how itajui dobre pisce nauimo tanije
to express our thoughts more precisely . izraavati svoje misli .

Napomena :

Vidimo da se how + infinitiv obino prevodi na bosanski samo infinitivom .

45 .

230 . iza pridjeva koji izraavaju osjeaje , npr . : happy - sretan , glad - veseo , sad -
alostan , furious - bijesan , delighted - oduevljen itd . Npr . :

I was delighted to spend the Bilo mi je vrlo lijepo provesti popodne s vama .
afternoon with you .
I shall be happy to meet your parents . Bit u sretan da upoznam vae roditelje .
He was sad to part with her. Bio je alostan to se rastaje od nje .
He told me how furious they were Rekao mi je kako su bijesni to su izgubili igru .
to have lost the game .

231 . iza too i enough . Npr . :

He was too young to understand Bio je premlad da bi razumio odluku svog
oca .
hisfather's decision .
He was too weak to climb the steps . Bio je preslab da se popne uza stepenice .
I am old enough to look after muself . Dovoljno sam star da se brinem za sebe .
He did not run fast enougt to catch Nije dovoljno brzo trao da bi ulovio autobus
.
the bus .

232 . Iz prijevoda gotovo svih ovih primjera vidimo da se engleski infinitiv prevodi na
bosanski jezik zavisnom reenicom . Tako npr. infinitiv to come to dinner prevodimo :
da doe na veeru , to see her friend - da posjeti svoju prijateljicu , to have lost the game
-
to su izgubili igru , too weak to climb - preslab da se popne itd .


Infinitiv bez " to "

Infinitiv bez " to " upotrebljava se :

233 . iza defektnih glagola : can , could , must , may might , shall , should , will would.Npr:

Can you lend me your pen ? Moe li mi posuditi pero ?
You must read this book . Morate proitati ovu knjigu .
It might rain today . Danas bi moglo biti kie .
I should be at home now . Sada bih morao biti kod kue .
He will forgive you . On e ti oprostiti .

234 . iza glagola " make " ( kad znai prisiliti , navesti , nagovoriti ) i glagola let . Npr . :

He made her cry . Natjerao ju je na pla .
The judge made him confess his crime . Sudac ga je naveo da prizna svoj zloin .
Let him do as he pleases . Pusti ga da radi po svojoj volji .
Let him repeat the sentence . Neka ponovi reenicu .




46 .


235 . iza glagola osjeanja , kao to su : hear - uti , watch - promatrati , see - vidjeti ... Npr
:

I heard him open the door . uo sam ga kako je otvorio vrata .
Frommy window I saw her cross Vidio sam je sa svoga prozora kako
the street . je prela ulicu .
I watched the boys climb the tree . Promatrao sam djeake kako se penju na drvo .

236 . iza fraza kao to su : had better , would rather , would sooner . Npr . :

You had better go for a walk than Bit e bolje da poe na etnju nego da
stay at home . ostane kod kue .
I would rather go with you . Ja bih radije iao s vama .
He would sooner die than be dishonest . On bi prije umro nego bio nepoten .

237 . Katkada prijedlog to moe zamijeniti infinitiv s to . Takav se to upotrebljava da bi se
izbjeglo ponavljanje glagola koji je ve spomenut . Npr . :

She did not want to go to the party Nije htjela ii na zabavu , ali je morala ( ii ) .
but she had to ( go ) .
They asked her to bring her little Zamolili su je da povede svoju kerkicu , ali
ona
daughter but she did not want to nije htjela ( da je povede ) jer je bilo suvie
( bring her ) because it was too cold . hladno .



Oblici na - ing (- ing Forms )

238 . Oblici koji se tvore od infinitiva i nastavka - ing mogu biti :

gerund

I am fond of walking through the fields . Volim etati kroz polja .

particip prezenta

I saw him carrying a big basket . Vidio sam ga kako nosi veliku koaru .

imenica

The building on the left is our school . Zgrada nalijevo je naa kola .


47 .


GERUND
The Gerund

239 . Gerund je glagolski oblik koji ima osobine glagola i imenice .

Glagolske osobine gerunda jesu :

240 . iza njega moe stajati objekt .

I do not like drinking wine before lunch . Ne volim piti vino prije ruka .

241 . iza njega moe stajati prilog .

He is fond of walking quickly . On voli brzo hodati .

242 . gerund moe stajati u raznim vremenima : gerund sadanji ( reading ) gerund proli
(having read ) , a kod prelaznih glagola postoje i pasivni oblici gerunda : sadanji (
being
taught ) i proli ( having been taught ) .

Before translating a pasage , you must Prije nego to prevede jedan odlomak ,
read it several times . mora ga nekoliko puta proitati .
After having got her letter , he felt Poto je dobio njeno pismo , bio je
very unhappy . vrlo nesretan .
I hate being advised all the time . Ne volim da mi se neprestano daju savjeti .


Imenike osobine gerunda jesu :

243 . pred njim moe stajati prijedlog .

Istead of doing his work he went to Umjesto da radi svoj posao otiao je u kino .
the cinema .

244 . pred njim moe stajati atribut .

His being nervous is due to his illness . To toje nervozan posljedica je njegove bolesti
.

245 . pred njim moe stajati genitiv .

John's being lazy makes his parents Johnovi su roditelji nesretni zbog toga to je
unhappy . on lijen
48 .

Gerund se upotrebljava :
246 . iza glagola koji znae poetak , svretak ili nastavak neke radnje . Takvi su glagoli :

begin -poeti , start - poeti , end - zavriti , finish - svriti , stop - prestati ,
continue - nastaviti , go on - nastaviti itd . Npr . :

He began writing at the age of eighteen . Poeo je pisati u dobi od osamnaest godina .
After his heart attack he stopped smoking . Nakon sranog napadaja prestao je puiti .
He went on playing after everybody Nastavio je sa sviranjem poto su ve
had left . svi otili .

247 . iza glagola koji izraavaju neki osjeaj . Takvi su glagoli :

like - voljeti , love - voljeti , enjoy - uivati u , dislike - ne voljeti , hate - mrziti ,
detest - mrziti , resent - negodovati , prigovarati , zamjerati ...

I don't like travelling alone . Ne volim sam putovati .
We enjoyed swimming in the river . Uivali smo u plivanju u rijeci .
She resents his being late . Zamjera mu to zakanjava .

248 . iza izraza : it is no use - nema smisla , it is no good - ne vrijedi , I can't help -
ne mogu a da ne , i iza pridjeva worth i busy . Npr . :

It is no use trying to persuade him , Nema smisla pokuati ga nagovoriti ,
he is too obstinate . on je previe tvrdoglav .
She couldn't help admiring his skill . Nije mogla a da se ne divi njegovoj spretnosti .
His sculptures are worth seeing . Vrijedi vidjeti njegove skulpture .
She was busy cleaning her flat . Bila je zaposlena ienjem svoga stana .

249 . iza fraza : do you mind - imate li to protiv ? would you mind ? -
da li biste imali to protiv ? i slinih . Npr . :

I don't mind being told the truth . Nemam nita protiv toga da mi se kae istina .
Would you mind mailing this Da li biste mi htjeli poslati ovo pismo ?
letter for me ?
Do you mind my going to bed Bili vas smetalo ako danas poem
earlier today ? ranije spavati ?

250 . iza svih prijedloga . Npr . :

I will send you the book after Poslat u ti knjigu poto je proitam .
having read it .
By marrying against the will of Time to se udala protiv volje svojih roditelja
her parents she made a great mistake . nainila je veliku pogreku .
You cannot enter the playground Ne moete ui u igralite a da ne platite
ulaznicu .
without paying the fee .
They prevented her from seeing her son . Nisu joj dali da vidi svoga sina .
49.


PARTICIP PREZENTA
The Present Participle
251 . Particip prezenta je glagolski oblik koji ima osobine pridjeva . On se moe upotrijebiti
atributivno , tj . da poblie oznai neku imenicu , i predikativno , kao dio imenskog
predikata .

Atributivno upotreba participa prezenta

252 . Kad se particip prezenta upotrebljava kao atribut , on je esto po znaenju pravi
pridjev :

This is an interesting book . Ovo je zanimljiva knjiga .
Study also the following chapters Prouite takoer idua poglavlja .
I want a room with running cold elim sobu s tekuom hladnom i toplom
and hot water . vodom .
That was a very exciting day . To je bio vrlo uzbudljiv dan .

Predikativna upotreba participa prezenta

253 . Nesvrena se vremena ( Continous Tenses ) tvore pomou participa prezenta . U tim
se vremenima particip prezenta upotrebljava predikativno . Npr . :

When he entered the room , Kad je uao u sobu , ja sam pisao pismo .
I was writing a letter .
I have been learing English for Ve etiri godine uim engleski .
four years .

Samostalna upotreba participa prezenta

254 . Particip prezenta moe stajati i samostalno . On u takvim sluajevima stoji umjesto
usporedne ili zavisne reenice . Npr . :

I saw her waving to him and smiling . Vidio sam je kako mu mae i kako se smijei
Thinking that he was ill I sent him Budui da sam mislio da je bolestan ,
to the doctor . poslao sam ga k lijaniku .

Passing by the house I could hear Dok sam prolazio pokraj kue , uo sam ih
them laugh . kako se smiju .
They approached walking hand in hand . Pribliavali su se drei se za ruke .

Imenice na - ing
255 . Neke rijei na - ing , koje su izvedene od glagola , izgubile su osobine glagola
i postale prave imenice . Npr . :

He has a meeting almost every day . Onima sastanak gotovo svaki dan .
50 .


The surroundings of our town are very Okolica naeg grada vrlo je privlaljiva .
attractive .
The policeman told him to the left . Policajac mu je rekao da skrene ulicu
nalijevo
Have you seen the collection of his drawings ? Jeste li vidjeli zbirku njegovih crtea ?


ZAPOVJEDNI NAIN
The Imperative

256 . Imperativ je glagolski oblik kojim se izrie zapovijed , zabrana ili molba .

257 . Imperativ za 2 . lice jednine i mnoine jednak je infinitivu bez to . Npr . :

Give me that book . Daj mi onu knjigu .
Show her the garden . Pokaite joj vrt .
John and Henry , stop that noise . John i Henry , prestanite s tom bukom .

258 . Odrini oblik imperativa za 2 . lice jednine i mnoine tvori se tako da se ispred glagola
stavi do not ( don't ) . Npr . :

Don't jump from the tram before Ne skai s tramvaja prije nego to
it stops . se zaustavi .
Don't eat too much ice - cream . Nemoj jesti previe sladoleda .
Don't listen to him . Nemojte ga sluati .

259 . Imperativ za 1 . i 3 . lice jednine i mnoine tvori se s glagolom let . Iza let dolazi
imenica ili zamjenica u padeu objekta i infinitiv bez to glagola koji mijenjamo . Npr . :

Let him do as he pleases . Neka radi po svojoj volji .
Let Mary do the cooking Neka Mary kuha umjesto tebe .
instead of you .
Let us consider the matter Hajde da sutra razmotrimo ovu stvar .
tomorrow .
Let them do their home - work Neka ponovno izrade svoju domau zadau .
again .

260 . Odrini oblik 1 . i 3 . lica jednine i mnoine tvori se tako da seispred let stavi odrini
oblik glagola do ( do not ili don't ) . Npr . :

Don't let them punish the child for Nemojte im dopustiti da kazne dijete
such a trifle . zbog takve sitnice.
Don't let us make the same Nemojmo ponovno uiniti istu pogreku .
mistake again .
Don't let her marry that man . Nemojte joj dopustiti da se uda za tog ovjeka .
51 .


261 . Ako se pred imperativ stavi do , zapovijed ili molba su istaknute i jae naglaene . Npr

Do take another cake . Molim te uzmi jo jedan kola .
Do stop whistling , you will drive Ta prestani s tim zvidanjem , natjerat e me
me mad . u ludilo .
Do come and have tea with us Doite , molim vas , sutra k nama na aj .
tomorrow .


KONJUKTIV
The Subjektive


262 . Konjuktivom se izraava neto nestvarno , neto to samo zamiljamo , elimo
ili emu se nadamo .

263 . Konjuktiv ima zaseban oblik samo u 3 . licu jednine prezenta svih glagola , a razlikuje
se
od obinog prezenta po tome to nema nastavka - s . Npr . :

( if ) he come
( if ) she send

Napomena

Konjuktiv se u modernom engleskom jeziku vrlo rijetko upotrebljava .

264 . Glagol be ima u svim licima konjuktiva prezenta oblik be , a u svim licima konjuktiva
preterita oblik were . Npr .:

konjuktiv prezenta konjuktiv preterita

( if ) I be ( if ) I were
( if ) he be ( if ) he were
( if ) they be ( if ) they were

Konjuktiv se upotrebljava :

265 . u nekim izrazima , Npr . :

Long live the young couple ! ivio mladi par !
Come what may , I will stay Ma to dolo , ja u ostati uz svoju
with my children . djecu .
Far be it fromme to do him any harm . Nisam ni pomislio da mu uinim neto naao .

52 .

266 . iza : I wish - kamo sree da , if only - kad bi barem , it is high time - krajnje je vrijeme
I would sooner - radije bih , I would rather - bilo bi mi milije , as if - kao da , koji svi
oznauju neto to nije ostvareno ili se ne moe ostvariti . Npr . :

I wish he were my son . eljela bih da mi je on sin .
If only he recovered . Kad bi se barem oporavio .
It is high time he finished his studies . Krajnje je vrijeme da zavri svoje studije .
I would sooner you went with me . Njemu bi bilo milije da mu ena vodi brigu
o djeci .
He speaks as if he were a psilosopher . On govori kao da je filozof .

Iz tih primjera vidimo da se konjuktiv razlikuje od obinog preterita samo kod glagola be ,
dok svi ostali glagoli imaju isti oblik za konjuktiv preterita i za obini preterit .

PASIV
The Passive Voice
267 . U engleskom se jeziku esto upotrebljavaju pasivne reenice . U takvim reenicama
subjekt nije vritelj radnje , nego se radnja vri na subjektu .

U reenici :

Our workers have built this bridge . Nai su radnici sagradili ovaj most .

subjekt Our workers ( Nai radnici ) izvrio je radnju te reenice . Ta je reenica u
aktivu .

U reenici :

This bridge has been built by our workers . Ovaj je most sagraen od naih radnika .

subjekt This bridge ( Ovaj most ) nije izvrio radnju te reenice , ve se radnja izvrila na
njemu .

268 . U pasivnim se reenicama upotrebljavaju pasivni glagolski oblici . Pasivne glagolske
oblike mogu tvoriti samo prelazni glagoli , tj. takvi koji mogu uza se imati objekt .

Ativ Pasiv
prezent : I teach - pouavam I am taught - bivam pouavan
preterit : I taught I was taught
futur : I shall teach I shall be taught

Pasivni oblici tvore se tako da se uzme ono vrijeme glagola to be koje nam je potrebno i doda
se particip perfekta glagola koji mijenjamo . Prema tome se pasivni prezent tvori od prezenta
glagola to be i participa perfekta glagola koji mijenjamo , a pasivni futur od futura glagola
to be i participa perfekta glagola koji mijenjamo .


53 .

269 Pasiv se u engleskom jeziku najee upotrebljava ako je subjekt aktivne reenice
nepoznat ili nije vaan , tj . ako je objekt vaniji od subjekta . Npr . :

Our neighbour's car was stolen Prole su noi ukradena kola naeg susjeda .
last night .
The boy will be taken to the hospital . Djeak e biti odvezen u bolnicu .

Kad bismo ova dva primjera stavili u aktiv , vidjeli bismo da su njihovi subjekti nepoznati ili
nevani . Npr . :

Somebody stole our neighbour's Netko je ukrao kola naega susjeda prole
noi .
car last night .
They will take the boy tothe hospital . Odvest e djeaka u bolnicu .

270 . vidimo da u navedenim pasivnim reenicama nije spomenut vritelj radnje ( somebody
they ) . Ima , meutim , sluajeva kad osjeamo da je potrebno spomenuti vritelja radnje .
Npr:

The first aeroplane was constructed by Prvi avion su konstruisala braa Wright .
the brothers Wright .

Ispred rijei koja oznauje vritelja radnje stavlja se prijedlog by . Takve reenice nisu este .

271 . Pasiv nije u duhu bosanskog jezika . Stoga se engleske pasivne konstrukcije prevode
na bosanski aktivnom reenicom ili povratnim glagolom , a rjee pasivom . Npr . :

Foreign lauguages are taught Strani jezici pouavaju se po cijelom svijetu .
all over the world .
The tickets will be sold one hour Karte e se prodavati jedan sat prije predstave .
before the performance .
My drawer has been opened . Netko je otvorio moju ladicu .
This book was translated to years ago . Ova je knjiga prevedena prije dvije godine .

272 . Iza glagola koji trae dva objekta , jedan u dativu , a drugi u akuzativu , mogua su
dva oblika pasivne reenice . Takvi su glagoli : show - pokazati ( kome to ) , refuse - odbiti (
kome to ) , give - dati ( kome to ) ,send - poslati ( kome to ) itd . Npr . :

aktiv
Somebody sent my daughter a box Netko je poslao mojoj kerki kutiju
of sweets . slatkia .

pasiv
Abox of sweets was sent to my daughter .

ili

My daughter was sent a box of sweets .
54 .

Duhu engleskog jezika vie odgovara da objekt u dativu , koji oznauje lice ( u gornjem
primjeru
my daughter ) , postane subjekt pasivne reenice . Evo nekoliko primjera :

They showed me the old Pokazali su mi stare rukopise .
maniscripts ( aktiv ) .
I was shown the old Pokazali su mi stare rukopise .
manuscripts ( pasiv ) .

They refused him a passport . Odbili su da mu izdaju putovnicu .
He was refused a passport (pasiv) . Odbili su da mu izdaju putovnicu .

They have told me the truth (aktiv ) Rekli su mi istinu .
I have been told the truth ( pasiv ) . Rekli su mi istinu .

273 . Glagoli s prijedlogom , npr . look after - brinuti se za , provide for - opskrbiti itd .
zadravaju taj prijedlog i u pasivu . Npr . :

Her children are well provided for . Njena su djeca dobro opskrbljena .
You will be laughed at if they see Smijat e vam se ako vas vide s njim .
you with him .
This event has been spoken about O tom se dogaaju dugo vremena govorilo .
for a long time .
The old lady likes being read to . Stara gospoa voli da joj se ita .

NEUPRAVNI GOVOR
Indirekt Speech

274 . Neije rijei moemo ponoviti na dva naina : ako ih ponavljamo tano onako kako ih
je tko rekao , upotrebljavamo upravni govor ( Direkt Speech ) . Npr . : On mi je rekao : "
Sastat emo se u 10 sati . " Ako izvjetavamo to je netko rekao , onda se sluimo
neupravnim govorom
( Indirekt or Reported Speech ) . Npr . : Rekao mi je da emo se sastati u 10 sati .

U engleskom jeziku u neupravnom govoru vrijede pravila o slaganju vremena .

Slaganje vremena ( Sequence of Tenses )
275 . U sloenim se reenicama vrijeme glagola zavisne reenice ravna prema vremenu
glagola glavne reenice . Npr . :

I know that he is ill . Znam da je bolestan .
I knew that he was ill . Znao sam da je bolestan .

276 . Budui da je u glavnoj reenici preterit , u zavisnoj reenici , po pravilu o slaganju
vremena , mora za istovremenu radnju stajati preterit.

277. I knew that he had been ill. Znao sam daje bio bolestan.
55 .



Ako je u glavnoj reenici preterit, onda se za radnju koja se dogodila prije upotrebljava plus-
kvamperfekt /pretprolo vrijeme/.

278. I knew that he would be ill. Znao sam da e biti bolestan.

Ako je u glavnoj reenici preterit , onda se za radnju koja se dogodila kasnije upotre-
bljava futur u prolosti.

279. Kako u bosanskom jeziku nema slaganja vremena, prevodi se preterit prezentom, plus-
vamperfekt perfektom, a futur u prolosti futurom.

Futur u prolosti upotrebljava se samo u zavisnim reenicama, a po svom je obliku
jednak
kondicionalu.

280. Ako je u glavnoj reenici prezent , perfekt ili futur , onda se upotreba vremena u
zavisnoj
reenici ne razlikuje od upotrebe vremena u bosanskom jeziku, tj. za sdanjost se
upotreb-
ljava prezent, za prolost jedno od prolih vremena, a za budunost futur. Na pr.:

Znam
that he is ill. Znat u } da je bolestan.
Znao sam


I know that he was ill. Znam da je bio
I shall know that he has been ill. Znat u } bolestan.
I have known that he had been ill. Znao sam

Znam
that he will be ill. Znat u } da e biti
Znao sam bolestan.
281. Budui da je neupravni govor zavisno sloena reenica , primjenjuju se u njemu
pravila o slaganju vremena . Uzmimo kao primjer reenicu : I study music . - Studiram
muziku .

Upravni govor Neupravni govor
She said : " I study music . " She said that she studied music .

She said : " I studied music "
She said that she had studied music .
She said : " I have studied music "

She said : " I shall study music . " She said that she would study music .
She said : " Study music ! " She told me to study music .



56.


Iz ovih primjera vidimo da se pri prenoenju upravnog u neupravni govor vremena
mijenjaju :

282 . Upravni govor Neupravni govor

prezent preterit

preterit
} pluskvamperfekt
perfekt

futur futur u prolosti
imperativ infinitiv

Upotreba glagola say i tell

283 . U upravnom se govoru upotrebljava say . Npr . :

He said: " I am your friend." Rekao je : " Ja sam ti prijatelj."
He said to me : "I am your friend." Rekao mi je :" Ja sam ti prijatelj."

284. U neupravnom se govoru moe upotrijebiti say ili tell. Na pr.:

He said that he was my friend. Rekao je da mi je prijatelj.
He teld me that he was my friend. Rekao mi je da je moj prijatelj.

285. U neupravno govoru upotrebljava se say samo ako nije spomenuta osoba kojoj se
govori.
Kad je ta osoba spomenuta , mora se upotrijebiti tell.

286. Imperativ upravnog govora postaje u neupravnom govoru infinitiv sa to. Pred takvim se
infinitivom uvijek upotrbljava tell, jer je uvijek spomenuta osoba kojoj je neko neto
zapo-
vijedio. Na pr.:

"Bring me a glass of water ." " Donesi mi au vode ."
He told me to bring him a glass of water . Rekao mi je da donesem au vode .


Evo jo nekoliko primjera za upotrebu say i tell :

287 . He said : " The plane crashed near Rekao je : " Avion se survao blizu
the airport ." aerodroma . "
He said that the plane had crashed Rekao je da se avion survao blizu
57.

near the airport . aerodroma .
He told us that the plane had crashed Rekao nam je da se avion survao
near the airport . blizu aerodroma .
She said : " I shall visit the World Fair . " Rekla je : " Posjetit u Svjetsku izlobu " .
She said she would visit the World Fair . Rekla je da e posjetiti Svjetsku izlobu .
She told her sister she would visit the Rekla je svojoj sestri da e posjetiti
World Fair . Svjetsku izlobu .

Napomene uz neupravni govor

288 . Pri prenoenju iz upravnog govora u neupravni mijenjaju se zamjenice prema smislu
.Npr:

She said : " I am in a hurry . " Rekla je " Meni se uri . "
She said she was in a hurry . Rekla je da joj se uri .
They said : " We have arrived ." Rekli su : " Stigli smo "
They said they had arrived . Rekli su da su stigli .

289 . This i these postaju u neupravnom govoru that i those ako je uvodni glagol u preteritu
:

The porter said : " Smoking is Vratar je rekao :" Puenje je u ovoj
forbidden in this room . " prostoriji zabranjeno . "
The porter said that smoking was Vratar je rekao da je puenje u onoj
forbidden in that room . prostoriji zabranjeno .
I said : " I don't like these colours . " Rekao sam : " Ne sviaju mi se ove boje . "
I said I didn't like those colours . Rekao samda mi se ne sviaju one boje .

290 . Prilozi mjesta i vremena mijenjaju se u neupravnom govoru ako je uvodni glagol u
preteritu . Tako here postaje there , today - that day , tomorrow - the next day ili the
following day , yesterday - the day before ili the previous day . Npr . :

He said : " I shan't stay here any Rekao je : " Neu vie ovdje ostati . "
longer . "
He said that he wouldn't stay there Rekao je da nee vie ondje ostati .
any longer .
Jane said : " We are leaving tomorrow." Jane je rekla : " Odlazimo sutra . "
Jane said that they were leaving Jane je rekla da odlaze sutradan
the next day ( the following day ). ( iduega dana ) .
He said : " I was very tired yesterday." Rekao je : " Juer sam bio vrlo umoran ."
He told me that he had been very tired Rekao mi je da je bio dan prije
the day before ( the previous day ) . vrlo umoran .




58.

Zavisno - upitna reenica ( Neupravno pitanje )

291 . Zavisno - upitnom reenicom izvjetavamo to je netko upitao .Upravno pitanje :
" When shall I see you ? "" Kad emo se vidjeti ? " glasit e u neupravnom obliku :
" He asked me when he would see me ." " Upitao me kad emo se vidjeti . "
U zavsno- upitnoj reenici , kao i u neupravnom govoru , vrijede pravila o slaganju
vremena .

292 . Glagol u zavisno - upitnoj reenici ne stoji u upitnom obliku , nego u potvrdnom .
Usporedite :

Where have you bought it ? Gdje ste to kupili?
She asked me where I had bought it . Upitala me je gdje sam to kupio .

Do you like modern poetry ? Svia li vam se moderna poezija ?
He asked me if I liked modern poetry . Upitao me da li mi se svia moderna
poezija.

Vidimo da se upitni oblik glagola u direktnom pitanju mijenja u zavisno - upitnoj reenici u
potvrdni oblik : have you bought ? postalo je I had bought , do you like ? postalo je I liked .


293 . Uvodni glagol u zavisno - upitnoj reenici oznauje pitanje ili neizvjesnost . Takvi su
glagoli : ask - pitati , want to know - eljeti znati , wonder - pitati se , inquire - pitati ,
not to know - ne znati , not to be sure - ne biti siguran itd. Npr . :

She asked me if I felt better . Upitala me da li se osjeam bolje .
I wantid to know how long it elio sam znati kako e dugo trebati
would take me to reach London . da doem do Londona .
I wonder how much that will cost me . Zanima me koliko e me to stajati .
They inquired if the train was late . Informirali su se da li vlak kasni .
I did not know if he would deliver Nisam znao hoe li on predati poruku .
the message .

294 . Upravno ( direktno ) pitanje moe poeti upitnom rijei ili glagolom . Ako poinje
upitnom rijei , npr . who , whose , whom ,what , which , when , where , why , how , zavisno
upitna reenica poinje tom istom upitnom rijei . Npr . :

Where have you been ? Gdje si bio ?
He asked me where I had been . Upitao me gdje sam bio .
Who wil fetch the milk today ? Tko e danas otii po mlijeko ?
I don't know who will fetch the milk today. Ne znam tko e danas otii pomlijeko .
Why did you not shut the door ? Zato niste zatvorili vrata ?
She asked me why I had not shut the door . Upitala me zato nisam zatvorio vrata .


59.

295 . Ako upravno pitanje poinje glagolom , zavisno - upitna reenica uvodi se veznikom
if ili whether . Npr . :


Will you come tomorrow ? Hoete li doi sutra ?
I don't know if you will come tomorrow . Ne znam hoete li doi sutra .
Did you follow my advice ? Jesi li se drao moga savjeta ?
He asked me if I had folowed his advice . Upitao me da li sam se drao njegova
savjeta .
Shall I get my money or not ? Hou li dobiti svoj novac ili neu ?
He wanted to know whether he would elio je znati da li e dobiti svoj novac
get his money or not . ili nee .

IMENICE
Nouns

296 . Imenice su rijei kojima neto imenujemo . Npr . : boy - djeak , table - stol , goodness
-
dobrota itd .

Vrste imenica

Prema znaenju dijelimo imenice na nekoliko vrsta . One mogu biti :

297 . ope imenice ( common nouns ) , koje slue kao nazivi za sva bia ili stvari iste vrste
Npr . :

desk - pisai stol , window - prozor , woman - ena , horse - konj , hand - ruka itd . ;

298 . vlastita imena ( proper names ) , tj . imenice koje slue kao nazivi za pojedina bia ,
mjesta itd . Npr . :

Anna - Ana , Robert - Robert , Amerika - Amerika , Glasgow - Glasgow itd . ;

299 . zbirne imenice ( collective nouns ) , koje u jednini oznauju skup ili mnotvo . Npr . :

team - momad , army - vojska , navy - mornarica , crowd - gomila , mnotvo , police -
policija , flock - jato , herd - krdo , cattle - stoka itd . ;

300 . gradivne imenice ( materijal nouns ) koje oznauju tvar ili materiju . Npr . :

wine - vino , copper - bakar , milk - mlijeko , food - hrana , ice - led , air - zrak ,
lead - olovo itd . ;

fear - strah , thirst - ea , courage - smjelost , health - zdravlje , illness - bolest ,
intelligence - inteligencija itd .


60.

ROD IMENICA
Gender

302 . U engleskom jeziku imenice imaju prirodni rod . To znai :

303 . mukog su roda ( masculine gender ) one imenice koje oznauju muko bie . Npr . :

boy - djeak , father - otac , uncle - ujak , brother - brat itd . ;

304 . enskog su roda ( feminine gender ) one imenice koje oznauju ensko bie . Npr . :

sister - sestra , mother - majka , aunt - tetka , girl - djevojka itd . ;

305 . srednjeg su roda ( neuter ) stvari . Npr . :

picture - slika , shoe - cipela , carpet - sag , plum- ljiva itd . ;

Napomena

306 . Osnovna je razlika izmeu imenica u engleskom jeziku i bosanskom jeziku da u naem
jeziku stvari mogu biti mukog , enskog ili srednjeg roda . Npr . ovaj stol , ovaj prozor , ova
klupa , ova kua , ovo pero , ovo sedlo itd.U bosanskom jeziku imenice imaju katkada
prirodni, katkada gramatiki rod .

307 . zajednikog roda ( common gender ) su one imenice koje u istom obliku slue za
muki i za enski rod . Tako na primjer imenica pupil moe znaiti uenik i uenica , friend -
prijatelj ili prijateljica , writer - pisac ili spisateljica , cousin - brati i sestrina itd .

Napomena

Usporedite u bosanskom : on je dobar voza , ona je dobar voza , on je po
struci matematiar , ona je po struci matematiar itd .

ENSKI ROD IMENICA
Feminine Gender

308 . Neke imenice enskog roda tvore se tako da se mukom rodu doda nastavak - ess . Npr

lion - lav lioness - lavica
prince - kraljevi princess - kraljevina
heir - nasljednik heiress - nasljednica
61.

309 . Ako se imenica mukog roda svrava na - er ili -or , onda ispred nastavka - ess
samoglasnik e ili o ispada . Npr . :

tiger - tigar tigress - tigrica
waiter - konobar waitress - konobarica
actor - glumac actress - glumica
emperor - vladar empress - vladarica

311 . Katkada se pred imenicu stavi neka rije koja oznauje rod . Npr . :

man - servant - sluga maid - servant - sluavka
boyfried - prijatelj girlfriend - prijateljica
he - goat - jarac she - goat - koza
tom - cat - maak she - cat - maka

312 . Katkada se rije koja oznauje rod stavlja iza imenice . Npr . :

turkey- cock - puran turkey - hen - pura
peacock - paun peahen - paunica

313 . Neke imenice imaju za enski rod posebnu rije . Npr . :

man - mukarac woman - ena
father - otac mother - majka
brother - brat sister - sestra
uncle - ujak aunt - tetka
king - kralj quen - kraljica
bachelor - neenja spinster - neudata ena
nephew - neak niece - neakinja
boy - djeak girl - djevojka
husband - mu wife - supruga
son - sin daughter - ki
gentleman - gospodin lady - gospoa
cock - pijetao hen - koko
bull - bik cow - krava
dog - pas bitch - kuja












62.

MNOINA IMENICA
Prular of Nouns

314 . Mnoina imenica obino se tvori tako da se jednini doda nastavak - s . Taj se nastavak
izgovara iza zvunih suglasnika i samoglasnika ( z ) , a iza bezvunih suglasnika (s ) . Npr . :


chair - stolac chairs
window - prozor windows } izgovor ( z )
table - stol tables

street - ulica streets
duck - patka ducks } izgovor ( s )
shop - trgovina shops

315 . Ako se imenica u izgovoru svrava na s , z , , , , d , dodaje se nastavak - es ( ili
samo - s ako se imenica zavrava na muklo - e ) . Kod takvih se imenica nastavak - es
izgovara ( iz ) :

bus - autobus buses
wish - elja wishes
match - ibica matches
church - crkva churches
rose - rua roses
bridge - most bridges

316 . Imenice na -o tvore mnoinu tako da se jednini doda nastavak - es . Taj se nastavak
izgovara ( z ) . Npr . :

potato - krompir potatoes
tomato - paradajz tomatoes
volcano - vulkan volcanoes
negro - crnac negroes
hero - heroj heroes

317 . Neke imenice na - o tvore mnoinu pravilno . Npr. :

piano - klavir pianos
photo - fotografija photos

318 . Kod imenica dolazi u mnoini do pravopisnih promjena . Tako se kod imenica na - y ,
ispred kojega stoji suglasnik ,mijenja y u i i dodaje nastavak - es . Npr . :

factory - tvornica factories
lorry - kamion lorries
country - zemlja countries
flay - muha flies

63.

319 . Ako se ispred y nalazi samoglasnik , mnoina se tvori pravilno , dodavanjem nastavka -
s :

way - put ways
toy - igraka toys
donkey - magarac donkeys
bay - zaton bays

320 . Mnoge imenice na - f ili fe mijenjaju f u v i dobivaju nastavak - es . Npr . :

calf - tele calves
half - polovina calves
leaf - list leaves
loaf - kruh loaves
shelf - polica shelves
thief - tat thieves
wolf - vuk wolves
knife - no knives
life - ivot lives
63 .


321 . Neke imenice na - f ili fe tvpre mnoinu dodavanjem nastavka - s . To au obino
imenice koje se svravaju na - oof , -ief , -rf i - ff . Npr . :

roof - krov roofs
chief - poglavica chiefs
handkerchief - rupi handkerchiefs
dwarf - patuljak dwarfs
cliff - stijena cliffs

Neke imenice tvore mnoinu nepravilno :

322 . promjenom osnovnog samoglasnika :

man - mukarac - men
woman - ena - women
foot - stopalo - feet
tooth - zub - teeth
groose - guska - geese
mouse - mi - mice
louse - u - lice

323 . nastavkom - en ili -ren. Npr . :

ox - vol - oxen
child - dijete - children
64.

324 . Neke imenice ostaju u mnoini nepromijenjene . Npr . :

fish - riba , ribe
sheep - ovca , ovce
trout - pastrva , pastrve
salmon - losos , lososi
deer - jelen , jeleni

Napomena

Kad mislimo na razne vrste riba , imenica fish stoji u mnoini . Npr . :

There are all kinds of fishes U naem moru ima riba svih vrsta
in our sea .

325 . Neke imenice dolaze samo u mnoini . Glagol uz takve imenice stoji takoer u mnoini
. Npr . : goods - roba , gallows - vjeala , scissors - kare , wages - nadnica , trousers - hlae
...

The goods have been damaged Roba je oteena poarom .
by the fire .
His pyjamas were striped . Njegova je pidama bila prugasta .

Where are the scissors ? Gdje su kare ?
Where are your trousers so dirty ? Zatosu tvoje hlae tako prljave ?

326 . Neke su imenice po obliku u mnoini , a znae jedninu . Glagol uz takve imenice stoji
u jednini . Npr . :

mathematic - matematika , physics - fizika , phonetics - fonetika , statistics - statistika ,
news - novost , vijest .

Mathematics is very important in Matematika je vrlo vana u tehnici .
engineering .
Physics was his favourite subjekt . Fizika je bila njegov najomiljeniji predmet .
Phonetics has always been his hobby . Fonetika je uvijek bila njegov hobi .
This news is very suprising . Ova vijest vrlo iznenauje .

Mnoina sloenica

327 . Sloenice su rijei koje su sastavljene od dva ili vie dijelova . Obino tvore mnoinu
tako da se jednini doda nastavak - s . Npr . :

grandfather - djed grandfathers
ashtray - pepeljara ashtrays
deck - chair - lealjka deck - chairs
waiting room - ekaonica waiting - rooms
writing desk - pisai hastal writing desks
65.

328 . Kad je jedan dio sloenice prijedlog ili prilog , samo glavna rije dobiva nastavak za
mnoinu . Npr . :

passer - by - prolaznik passers - by
son- in - law - zet sons - in law

329 . Ako man ili woman ine prvi dio sloenice , stavljaju se oba dijela u mnoinu . Npr . :

man - servant - sluga men - servants
woman - teacher - nastavnica women - teachers

Napomena :

330 . Sloenice se mogu pisati kao jedna rije ( npr . armchair - naslonja ) , s crticom
( npr . man - servant ) ili kao dvije rijei ( npr . dining room - trpezarija ) Za to nema
odreenih pravila .

BROJIVE I NEBROJIVE IMENICE
Countable and Uncountable Nouns

331 . Mnoinu redovito tvore samo ope imenice . One obinooznauju neto to se moe
brojati te ih zovemo brojivim imenicama ( Countable Nouns ) . Npr : two boys - dva djeaka
, five days - pet dana , twenty - four hours - dvadeset etiri sata itd .

332 . Gradivne i apstraktne imenice , uzete u opem smislu , ne mogu se brojati . One su
nebrojive ( Uncountable Nouns ) i prema tome ne mogu se upotrebljavati u mnoini . Npr . :

silver - srebro , coal - ugljen , courage - hrabrost , kindness - ljubaznost itd.



PADEI IMENICA
Cases of Nouns

333 . U bosanskom jeziku imenice se dekliniraju , tj. primaju razliite padene nastavke . U
engleskom jeziku ne postoje padeni nastavci , osim u genitivu . Ono to u bosanskom jeziku
izraavaju padeni nastavci , u engleskom se izraava prijedlozima ili odreenim poloajem
te imenice u reenici . Npr . :

334 . Mary is my sister . Marija je moja sestra .
This is my sister's room . To je soba moje sestre .
I gave it to my sister . Dao sam to svojoj sestri .
I saw my sister there . Vidio sam tamo svoju sestru .
Don't cry , sister ! Ne plai , sestro !
I spoke about my sister . Govorio sam o svojoj sestri .
I went with my sister . Otiao sam sa svojom sestrom .
66.

335 . Budui da je nominativ jednak akuzativu , razlikovat emo subjekt od objekta samo po
poloaju imenice u reenici . Subjekt redovito stoji na prvom mjestu , a objekt iza glagola .
Npr:

s . o . s . o.
John teaches Robert . John pouava Roberta .
Robert teachers John . Robert pouava Johna .



Genitiv ( The Genitive Case )

336 . Genitivom se najee izraava pripadanje . Utakvim se sluajevima u bosanskom
jeziku
upotrebljava prisvojni pridjev .

337 . Genitiv se tvori tako da se iza imenice u jednini stavi apostrof i doda nastavak - s .
Npr :

Anna's dress - Anina haljina
father's umbrela - oev kiobran
Shaw's plays - Shawove drame
John's family - Johnova familija

338 . U mnoini se stavlja samo apostrof iza nastavka -s .Npr . :

girls' club - djevojaki klub
ladies' shoes - enske cipele
boys' games - djeake igre

339 . Ako imenica ne tvori mnoinu s nastavkom -s , tj . ako ima nepravilnu mnoinu ,
popstupak je isti kao u genitivu jednine . Npr . :

children's books - djeje knjige
men's gloves - muke rukavice
women's journals - enski asopisi

340 . Nastavak - s u genitivu izgovara se jednako kao nastavak - s u mnoini , tj. iza zvunih
suglasnika i samoglasnika izgovara se kao ( z ) , iza bezvunih suglasnika kao ( s ) , a iza ( s
)
( z ) . ( } ) . ( 3 ) ,( t } ) i ( d3 ) kao ( iz ) .







67.

Genitiv se upotrebljava :

341 . kad imenica oznauje ivo bie , dok se genitiv imenica koje oznauju stvari tvori
redovito s prijedlogom of . Npr . :

Robert's school - Robertova kola
grandfather's armchair - djedov naslonja
the lion's share - lavlji dio ( najvei dio )
the drawers of my desk - ladice moga pisaeg stola
the furniture of his study - namjetaj njegove radne sobe

342 . za oznaku mjere , vremena i vrijednosti . Npr . :

a day's journey - putovanje od jednog dana
a mile's distance - udaljenost od jedne milje
a pound's worth - vrijednost od jedne funte
a two - hours' walk - etnja od dva sata

343 . u nekim izrazima , kao :

at the greengrocer's - kod povrara
at St . Paul's - kod sv. Pavla ( u crkvi sv. Pavla )
at my aunt's - kod moje tetke ( u kui moje tetke )
67 .


LAN
The Article


344 . lan se u engleskom jeziku stavlja pred imenicu . Kad u bosanskom jeziku kaemo :
uenik , dijete grad , kua itd . , u engleskom moramo u takvom sluaju staviti pred imenicu
lanjer je ona tek s lanom potpuna . Tako kaemo : the pupil - uenik , the child - dijete ,
the town - grad , the house - kua .

U bosanskom jeziku nema lana . Prema tome se lan ne moe prevesti na na jezik .










68.

NEODREENI LAN
The Indefinite Artikle
Neodreeni lan ima dva oblika : a i an .

345 . Oblik a se upotrebljava ispred rijei koje poinju suglasnikom ili samoglasnikom koji
se izgovara kao suglasnik . Npr . :

a boy - djeak
a lamp - svjetiljka
a universal language - svjetski jezik
a useful invention - koristan izum
a one - eyed man - jednooki ovjek

Napomena :
Premda se rijei universal , useful i one - eyed piu samoglasnikom , one u
izgovoru poinu suglasnikom. Izgovaraju se : ( ' ju:nivc :sl )( ' ju:sful )
( 'w. naid ) .

346 . Oblik an se upotrebljava ispred rijei koje poinju samoglasnikom ili suglasnikom
koji se ne izgovara . Npr . :

an animal - ivotinja
an evening - vee
an inn - gostionica
an honest man - poten ovjek


Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava :

347 . pred imenicom u jednini kad se ona prvi put spominje ili kad se uzima u opem smislu

I can see a bus on the other Na drugoj strani ulice vidim autobus .
side of the street .
Couldyou lend me a pencil ? Bili mi mogao posuditi olovku ?
It is so useful to have a car . Vrlo je korisno imati auto .

348 . pred imenicom u jednini koja predstavlja vrstu . Npr . :

A rose has a pleasant smell . Rua ima prijatan miris .
An orange is rich in vitamins . Narana je bogata vitaminuma .
A lamb is a pretty animal . Janje je draesna ivotinja .

Uovim primjerima imenice a rose , an orange , a lamb predstavljaju vrstu , tj . a rose znai
roses - sve rue , an orange znai oranges - sve narane itd.


69.


349 . pred veinom imenica koje ine dio predikata . Takvim se predikatom obino oznauje
narodnost , zanimanje ili neka karakteristika subjekta . Npr . :

He was a sailor . On je bio mornar .
G . B . Shaw was an Irishman . G . b . Shaw bio je Irac .
I want to become a painter . elim postati slikar .
He is an intelligent man . On je inteligentan ovjek .
Mary is a pretty girl . Marija je draesna djevojka .

Napomena :

Neodreeni lan moe biti odijeljen od svoje imenice pridjevom ( an inteligent man -
inteligentan ovjek , a big house - velika kua , a green leaf - zeleni list itd . )

350 . ispred nekih brojnih izraza : a dozen - tuce , half a dozen - pola tuceta , a score -
dvadeset , a hundred - stotina , a thousand - tisua , a million - milijun itd. Npr. :

There are at least half a dozen Na njegovu pisaem stolu ima barem
pencils on his desk . est olovaka .
She bought a thousand sheets of paper . Kupila je tisuu araka papira .

351 . u nekim izrazima kojima se oznauje cijena i vrijeme . Npr . :

He lives on fifty pence a day . On ivi od pedeset penija na dan .
The speed limit on this road is Doputena brzina na ovoj cesti je
sixty miles an hour . ezdeset milja na sat .
This cloth is two pounds a yard . Ovo sukno stoji dvije funte po jardu .
I used to meet him four times a week . Sastajao sam se s njim etiri puta tjedno .

352 . u izrazima a few - nekoliko , a little -neto , a lot of - mnogo , a great deal of -
mnogo itd . Npr . :

He has a few friends , who keep On ima nekoliko prijatelja koji
him company . mu prave drutvo .
She earns a little money and so she Ona zarauje neto novaca pa moe
can buy the most necessary things . kupiti najpotrebnije stvari .
At two o'clock there were a lot of U dva sata bilo je mnogo ljudi koji
people waiting for the tram. su ekali na tramvaj.

Napomena
353.Treba paziti na razliku izmeu few - mali broj, malo njih i a few - nekoliko. Slina
razlika
postoji i izmeu little - malo i a little-neto, neto malo. Na pr.:

He has few friends and often feels lonely. On ima malo prijatelja i esto se osjea
usam-
ljen.
70.


He has so little money that he cannot help On ima tako malo novaca da mi ne moe
po-
me. moi.

354.U usklinim reenicama koje poinju sa what neodreeni lan stoji iza what ispred
brojivih imenica u jednini.Na pr.:

What a lovely day! Krasna li dana!
What a pretty girl! Draesne li djevojke!
What an exciting story! Uzbudljive li prie!

355.iza such,quite i half. Na pr.:

You should never say such a thing. Ne bi smio nikada kazati tako neto.
Don't be in such a hurry! Nemoj se tako uriti!
She is quite a good pupil. Ona je prilino dobra uenica.
He drank half a bottle of wine. Popio je pola boce vina.
They talked for half an hour. Razgovarali su pola sata.
She gave the child half an orange. Dala je djetetu pola narane.

Napomena

356. Umjesto neodreenog lana ne smije se upotrijebiti one.Ne valja rei:I saw one man
nego I saw a man. U bosanskom moemo u takvom sluaju rei: Vidio sam jednog
/nekog/ ovjeka.U engleskom se one upotrbljava samo u brojnom smislu. Na pr.:

There is only one more day before the Jo je samo jedan dan do praznika.
holidays.


IZOSTAVLJANJE NEODREENOG LANA

Omission of the Indefinite Article

Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava:

357.ispred imenica u mnoini. Na pr.:

Tickets in the circle are expensive. Karte u serklu su skupe.

/Jednina : A ticket in the circle is expensive./

Towns should be clean. Gradovi bi morali biti istiji.

/Jednina: A town should be clean./

71.

Robert and John are architects. Robert i John su arhitekti.

/Jednina: Robert is an architect./

ispred nebrojivih imenica /Uncountable Nouns/

358. koje oznauju neku materiju. Na pr.:

Milk is healthy and good. Mlijeko je zdravo i dobro.
We write on paper. Piemo na papiru.
Steel and iron are useful metals. elik u eljezo su korisni metali.

359. koje oznauju neto apstraktno . Na pr.:

Courage and honsety often go together. Hrabrost i potenje esto idu zajedno.
Beauty is only skin-deep. Ljepota je prolazna.
The whole world is fighting for peace. Cijeli svijet se bori za mir.

360. Ako se nebrojive imenice upotrbljavaju u odreenom smislu, ispred njih stoji odreeni
lan. Na pr.:

The beauty of the Dalmatian coast is Ljepota dalmatinske obale je glasovita.
famous.

A lot has been written about the courage Mnogo se pisalo o hrabrosti naih vojnika.
of our soldiers.

ODREENI LAN
The definite Article


361. Odreeni lan ima isti oblik za jedninu i mnoinu: the. Na pr.:

the worker - radnik the workers - radnici
the engine - stroj the engines - strojevi
the field - polje the fields - polja


Izgovor odreenog lana

362. Odreeni lan se izgovara na dva naina: ispred rijei koje poinju suglasnikom
izgovara
se/d/, a ispred rijei koje poinju samoglasnikom /di/. Na pr.:

the station the elephant
the woman } / d / the underground } / di /
the hat the admiral
72.

Odreeni lan se upotrebljava:


363. ispred imenica od kojih postoji samo jedna te vrste. Na pr.:

In the future it wil be possible for many U blioj budunosti bit e mnogim ljudima
people to reach the Moon. mogue doi na Mjesec.
The sun is very hot today. Danas je sunce jako vrue.
They reached the Pole on January 18th. 18. januara stigli su na Pol.


364. ispred imenica koje su postale odreene time to se spominju drugi put. Na pr.:

There is a man standing at the door. Pred vratima stoji neki ovjek. Taj ovjek
The man is old and weak. je star i slab.
My friend John attends a technical Moj prijatelj John ide u tehniku kolu.
school. The school belongs to a tex- kola pripada tvornici tekstila.
factory.


365. ispred imenica koje su poblie odreene odnosnom reenicom , pridjevom ili nekom
frazom. Na pr.:

The vilage where he was born is pretty. Selo u kojem se on rodio je lijepo.
The man in blue car is an actor. ovjek u plavom automobilu je glumac.
The girl who opened the door is their niece. Djevojka koja je otvorila vrata je njihova
ne- akinja.
The grey building is a hospital. Siva zgrada je bolnica.

366.ispred pridjeva u superlativu i ispred rednih brojeva. Na pr.:

London is the biggest city in Europe. London je najvei grad u Evropi.
She bought the most expensive coat Kupila je najskuplji kaput u trgovini.
in the shop.
She was the first person he saw when Ona je bila prve osoba koju je vidio kad je
he opened the door. otvorio vrata.
This is the third time he is abroad. To je trei put da je on u inostranstvu.

367.ispred imenica u jednini koje predstavljaju vrstu. Na pr.:

The dog is a faithful animal. Pas je vjerna ivotinja.
The bee is industrious. Pela je marljiva.

Napomena

Pred imenicama koje predstavljaju cijelu vrstu moe se upotrijebiti neodreeni i
odreeni
lan/vidi poglavlje o neodreenom lanu,348/.
73.


368.ispred pridjeva, da oznai skup osoba koje imaju svojstva to ga izraava taj pridjev.
Na pr.:

This is home for the blind. To je dom slijepih.
Have you read the novel "The Naked Jesi li itao roman" Goli i mrtvi"?
and the Dead"?

369.ispred imena rijeka, mora, okeana, planinskih lanaca, otoja, kao i uz imena zemalja
koja stoje u mnoini. Na pr.:

London is situated on the Thames. London lei na Temzi.
The Atlantic is smaller than the Pacific. Atlanski ocean je manji od Pacifika.
The tops of the Alps are always covered Vrhunci Alpa uvijek su pokriveni
snijegom.
with snow.
The Hebrides are a group of islands in Hebridi su grupa otoka na sjeveru
the north of Scotland . kotske .
In the United States industry is highly Industrija je u Sjedinjenim Dravama
developed . visoko razvijena .

370 . ispred porodinih imena u mnoini da se oznae svi lanovi jedne porodice . Npr . :

The Thompsons have a house Thompsonovi imaju kuu na selu .
in the country .
The Browns have lived in this Brownovi ve mnogo godina ive
village for many years . u ovom selu .



IZOSTAVLJANJE ODREENOG LANA
Omission of the Definite Article

Odreeni lan se ne upotrebljava :

371 . ispred imena osoba , gradova , ulica , pojedinanih brda i vrhunaca , kao i imena
zemalja koja stoje u jednini . Npr . :

He went to France and settled On je otiao u Francusku i nastanio se
in Paris . u Parizu .
The shops in Regent Street are Trgovine u Regent Streetu vrlo su
vere attractive . privlane .
The have two children , Ann and Peter . Oni imaju dvoje djece , Anu i Petra .
Etna is a volcano in Italy . Etna je vulkan u Italiji .
On a clear day you can see from Calais Po jasnom danu vide se iz Calaisa
the white cliffs of Dover . bijele stijene Dovera .
74.


372 . ispred apstraktnih i gradivnih imenica kad o njima govorimo openito . Npr . :

She played the piano so well that I was Svirala je klavir tako dobro da sam
filled with admiration . bio ispunjen divljenjem .
Success is impossible without Uspjeh je nemogu bez marljivog
hard work . rada .
Coffee and tea do not grow in our Kahva i aj ne rastu u naoj
country . zemlji .
Cotton is not so warm as wool . Pamuk nije tako topao kao vuna .

373 . Ako se apstraktne i gradivne imenice upotrijebe u odreenom smislu , onda pred
njima stoji odreeni lan . Npr . :

The admiration he felt for his doctor Divljenjem to ga je osjeao prema svom
him interested in medicine . lijeniku pobudilo je njegov interes za
medicinu .
The success of the firm is due to Uspjeh firme treba zahvaliti
good management . dobroj upravi .
The tea I bought in England is exellent . aj to sam ga kupio u Engleskoj
odlian je.

374 . ispred imenica koje oznauju obroke . Npr . :

For my friend John breakfast is the Za mog prijatelja Johna doruak
most important meal . je najvaniji obrok .
After dinner rest a whille after supper Poslije ruka odmori se naas , poslije
walk a mile . veere proei jednu milju .
We always have a cup of coffee after Poslije ruka uvijek popijemo alicu kahve .
lunch .


Kad se misli na odreene obroke , mora se upotrijebiti lan . Npr . :

The breakfast the serve in this Doruak to ga serviraju u ovom restoranu
restaurant is far from being good . sve je prije nego dobar .
The lunch we had yestarday was the Ruak to smo ga imali juer bio je
best I can remember . najbolji koga se mogu sjetiti .


375 . ispred imenica school - kola , prison - zatvor , market - trg , bed -krevet , table - stol ,
kad mislimo na svrhu kojoj slue , a ne na samu zgradu ili predmet . Npr . :

When school was over , he went Kad je obuka bila zavrena , poao je
straight home . ravno kui .
He was found quilty and sent to prison . Pronali su ga krivim i zatvorili .
When I entered , they were all at table . Kad sam uao , oni su svi bili za stolom
( kod jela ) .
75.

376 . Kad mislimo na samu zgradu ili predmet , upotrebljavamo pred tim imenicama lan .
Npr:

The white building on the left is Bijela zgrada na lijevoj strani je kola .
the school .
The old castle in the valey is Stari dvorac u dolini je zatvor naega grada .
the prison of our town .
The table in our sitting room is very old . Stol u naoj dnevnoj sobi vrlo je star .

377 . umnogim ustaljenim izrazima , kao i izrazima koji se sastoje od dva paralelna dijela :

hand in hand - drei se za ruke , frommorning till night - od jutra do noi itd . Npr . :

We travelled by day . Putovali smo danju .
Some peple prefer working at night . Neki ljudi vole raditi nou .
In our age of mashinery few things U naem vijeku strojeva malo se stvari
are made by hand . izrauje rukom .
They walked hand in hand . Hodali su drei se za ruku .
She works from morning till Ona radi od jutra do mraka .
night .


PRIDJEVI
Adjectives

378 . Pridjevi se u engleskom jeziku znatno razlikuju od pridjeva u bosanskom jeziku . Oni
su
( osim pokaznih ) nepromjenjljive rijei .

John is a good boy . John je dobar djeak .
Mary is a good girl . Marija je dobra djevojka .
She is a good child . Ona je dobro dijete .
My mother is a techer . Moja majka je nastavnica .
My father is a doctor . Moj otac je lijenik .

379 . Iz ovih primjera vidimo da pridjevi u engleskom jeziku ( good , my , kao i svi ostali )
imaju jedan oblik za sva tri roda , dok u bosanskom jeziku pridjev ima posebni oblik za svaki
rod

380 . London is a big city . London je velik grad .
London and Paris are big cities . London i Paris su veliki gradovi.
His uncle is a farmer . Njegov amida je farmer .
His uncles are farmers . Njegove amide su farmeri .

Iz ovih primjera vidimo da se pridjevi u engleskom ( big , his , kao i svi ostali ) imaju jedan
oblik za jedninu i mnoinu , dok u bosanskom jeziku pridjev ima poseban oblik za jedninu i
mnoinu .
76.

381 . His new coat is very expensive . Njegov je novi kaput vrlo skup .
He is not satisfied with his new coat . On nije zadovoljan svojim novim kaputom .
Everybody speaks about his new coat . Svi govore o njegovom novom kaputu.

Iz ovih primjera vidimo da pridjevi u engleskom /new, his, kao i svi ostali/ imaju jedan oblik
za sve padee, dok u bosanskom jeziku postoji poseban oblik za svaki pade.


Pridjev se u reenici upotrebljava :

382. kao atribut. Na pr.:

The young man returned home last week. Mladi ovjek se vratio kui prole sedmice.
A small child needs a lot of care. Malom je djetetu potrebno mnogo njege.
A good book is a good companoin. Dobra je knjiga dobar drug.

Napomena

Atribut je rije koja stoji uz imenicu i poblie je oznaava.

383. kao dio imenskog predikata. Na pr.:

This lesson is long. Ova lekcija je dugaka.

In winter the nights are cold. Zimi su noi hladne.
This hotel is modern and comfortable. Ovaj hotel je moderan i udoban.

384. U engleskom jeziku ima nekoliko pridjeva koji se ne mogu upotrijebiti atributivno, ve
samo kao dio imenskog predikata. Na pr.:

You cannot spesk to him he is asleep. Ne moete s njim razgovarati on spava.
This child is not afraid of anything. Ovo se dijete niega ne boji.
I am not fond of sweets. Ne volim slatkie.

385. Ako pred pridjev stavimo odreeni lan, on dobiva znaenje imenice u mnoini: the
dead-mrtvaci, the poor-siromasi,the just- pravednici, the rich- bogatai. Na pr.:


The old often cannot understand Stari esto ne razumiju mlade .
the young .
" The Naked and the Dead " is the " Goli i mrtvi " je naslov poznatog romana .
title of a well - known novel .


Napomena :

Vidi takoer poglavlje o odreenom lanu , taka 368 .

77.

KOMPARACIJA PRIDJEVA
Comparison of Adjectives


386 . Opisni pridjevi , npr . : small - malen , big - velik , beatiful - lijep , high - visok itd .
imaju u engleskom kao i u bosanskom jeziku tri stupnja komparacije : pozitiv (the positive ) ,
komparativ ( the comparative ) i superlativ ( the superlative ) .

Pozitiv je osnovni oblik pridjeva . Njime izraavamo osobinu bia ili predmeta . Npr . :
This man is old . - Ovaj ovjek je star .

Komparativom kazujemo da neko svojstvo kod jednoga postoji u veoj mjeri kod drugoga .
He is older than my father . - On je stariji nego moj otac .

Superlativom kazujemo da neko svojstvo kod nekog postoji u najveoj mjeri . John is the
best
pupil in the class . - John je najbolji uenik u razredu .

Tvorba komparativa i superlativa

387 . Jednosloni pridjevi ( Adjectives of one syllable ) tvore komparativ tako da se
komparativu doda nastavak -er , odnosno - r ako se pridjev svrava u pozitivu na - e . Npr . :

small- er - manji wide - r
old - er - stariji wise - r
clean - er - ii pale - r

388 . Superlativ jednoslonih pridjeva tvori se tako da se pozitivu doda nastavak - est , a ako
se pozitiv doda nastavak - est , a ako se pozitiv svrava na - e , nastavak - st . Pred superlativ
pridjeva stavlja se odreeni lan . Npr . :

the small - est - najmanji the wide - st - najiri
the old - est - najstariji the wise - st - najmudriji
the clean - est - najii the pale - st - najbljei

Napomene uz komparativ i superlativ

389 . Ako se jednosloni pridjev svrava na jedan suglasnik pred kojim stoji kratak
samoglasnik podvostruava se krajnji suglasnik , podvostruuva se krajnji suglasnik ispred
nastavka
- er i est Npr . :

fat - debeo fattest the fattest
thin - tanak thinner the thinnest
sad - alostan sadder the saddest
78.

390 . Ako se jednosloni pridjev svrava na - y pred kojim stoji suglasnik , -y se mijenja u i :

dry - suh drier the driest
sly - lukav slier the sliest

391 . Dvosloni , trosloni i viesloni pridjevi ( Adjectives of two , three or more syllables )
tvore komparativ tako tako da se pred pozitiv pridjeva stavi more , a superlativ tako da se
pred pozitiv pridjeva stavi the most . Npr . :


careful - oprezan more careful the most careful
splendid - sjajan more splendid the most splendid
interesting - zanimljiv more interesting the most interesting
dangerous - opasan more dangeroust the most dangerous


Neki dvosloni pridjevi tvore komparativ i superlativ na isti nain kao i jednosloni pridjevi .
To su :

392 . pridjevi koji se svravaju na - er , -le , i - y . Npr . :

clever - pametan clever - er the clever - est
noble - plemenit noble - r the noble - st
easy - lak easie - r the easi-est

393 . pridjevi sa naglaskom na drugom slogu . Npr . :

severe - strog severe - r the severe - st
polite - uljudan polite - r the polite - st
complete - potpun complete - r the complete - st
acute - otar acute - r the acute - st

















79.


NEPRAVILNA KOMPARACIJA
Irregular Comparison

394 . Neki vrlo obini i esti , pridjevi imaju nepravilnu komparaciju . To su :

good - dobar better the best
bad - zao worse the worst

much
} -mnogo more the most
many

little - malen , malo less the least

farther the farthest
far - dalek {
further the furtherst

older the oldest
old - star {
elder the eldest

later
late - kasan { the latest
latter the last


Little

395 . Kad little znai malo , upotrebljava se uz imenice u jednini koje znae neku materiju
ili neto nebrojivo . Npr . :

There is little sugar in this lemonade . U ovoj limunadi ima malo eera .
We have very little coal in our cellar . Imamo vrlo malo ugljena u naem podrumu .
He had little pleasure in his life . On je u ivotu imao malo radosti .

396 . Uz imenice u mnoini ne moe se upotrijebiti little , nego few . Npr . :

There are few things he likes better Ima malo stvari koje su mu milije od
than his car . njegova auta .
Today there have been few customers Danas je bilo malo muterija
in the shop . u trgovini .

( Za a few i a little pogledajte poglavlje o upotrebi neodreenog lana , taka
352 . )

80.
Much


397 . Much znai mnogo , a upotrebljava se uz imenice u jednini koje znae neku materiju
ili neto nebrojivo . Npr . :

There is not much bread left Za veeru nije ostalo mnogo kruha .
for supper .
I haven't got much time . Nemam mnogo vremena .
Is there much snow in the street ? Ima li mnogo snijega na ulici ?


Many


398 . Many znai mnogo , a upotrebljava se uz imenice u mnoini . Npr . :

In winter there are not many visitors Zimi nema mnogo gostiju u ovom
in this hotel . hotelu .
Were there many tickets left ? Je li preostalo mnogo karata ?
There were not many original Nije bilo mnogo originalnih misli
thoughts in his speech . u njegovu govoru .


Farther , the farthest , further , the furthest

399 . Oblici sa " a " ne razlikuju se znatno p3o znaenju od oblika sa " u " . Moglo bi se
rei da je oblik further i furthest obiniji te da se upotrebljava i za udaljenost i u prenesenom
smislu , dok se oblik farther i the farthest upotrebljava samo za udaljenost . Npr . :

He was too tired to go any further . Bio je odvie umoran da ide dalje .
The reporter asked for further Reporter je zatraio dalje obavijesti o nesrei .
information about the accident .

Older , the oldest , the eldest
400 . Older i the oldest upotrebljava se kad se usporeuje starost ili dob , a elder i eldest
samo atributivno uz nazive lanova porodice . Npr . :

This book is older than its owner . It Ova je knjiga starija nego njezin vlasnik . To
is the oldest book in his library . je najstarija knjiga u njegovoj knjinici .
His son is older than my sister Mary . Njegov je sin stariji nego moja sestra Mary .
My older brother is a student of medicine . Moj je stariji brat student medicine .
Our eldest sister keeps house for all of us . Naa najstarija sestra vodi kuanstvo za sve
nas .

81.

Late

401 . Late ima pravilnu komparaciju , i onda mu komparativ znai kasniji ,a superlativ
najkasniji ili najnoviji . Nepravilni komparativ latter znai drugi od dva , a superlativ the
last
znai posljednji od veeg broja . Npr . :

If she had a choice between a detective Kad bi mogla birati izmeu kriminalnog
story and a serious novel she would i ozbiljnog romana , sigurno bi izabrala
surely choose the latter . ovaj potonji .
He was the last passenger to get a sleeper . On je bio posljednji putnik koji je dobio
a sleeper . spavaa kola .
Is there any later bus today ? Ima li danas koji kasniji autobus ?
His latest work is said to be his best . Kau da je njegovo posljednje djelo
njegovo najbolje djelo .

Napomena

402 . Last bez odreenog lana the znai proli . Npr . :

He returned home last year . Vratio se kui prole godine .
I met him last week . Sreo sam ga prolog tjedna .



VRSTE KOMPARACIJA

403 . Komparacijom se moe izraziti :

1 . jednakost
2 . nejednakost
3 . nadmonost .

404 . Jednakost se izraava sa as...as i pozitivom pridjeva . Npr . :

The meals in this restaurant are as Hrana je u ovom restoranu jednako dobra
good as at home . kao kod kue .
He is as strong as a horse . Jak je kao konj .

405 . Nejednakost se izraava sa not so ... as i pozitivom pridjeva . Npr . :

Their garden is not so large as ours . Njihov vrt nije tako velik kao na .
In Bosnia and Herzegovina rugby is U Bosni i Hercegovini rugby nije tako
not so popular as football . popularan kao nogomet .

82.

406 . Nadmonost se izraava komparativom , iza kojega stoji than . Npr . :

Asia is bigger than Europe . Azija je vea od Evrope .
My typewriter is better than yours . Moj pisai stroj je bolji nego tvoj .
Travelling by aeroplane is more Putovanje avionom je skuplje nego
expensive than by train . vlakom .

407 . Usporeivanje triju ili vie osoba ili stvari izraava se superlativom , iza kojega stoji of
ili among , a pred imenima mjesta in . Pred superlativom uvijek stoji the . Npr. :

This is the most interesting novel Ovo je najzanimljiviji roman od svih
of all the novels I nave read . romana to sam ih proitao .
He was the youngest among On je bio najmlai meu svim
all the players . igraima .
She is the prettiest girl in our village . Ona je najljepa djevojka u naem selu .

408 . Komparativom se moe izraziti i usporedno poveanje ili smanjivanje dvaju svojstava .
To se izraava sa the + komparativ ... the + komparativ . Npr . :

The longer the journey , the more to dulje putovanje , to e vie stajati .
it will cost .
The better the child , the happier to bolje dijete , to sretniji roditelji .
the parents .
The sooner you come , the better to prije doete , to bolje po vas .
for you .

409 . Komparativom se moe izraziti i postepeno poveanje ili smanjivanje . To se izraava
sa dva komparativa , izmeu kojih stoji and . Npr . :

He is growing fatter and fatter . On postaje sve deblji .
In spring the days become longer U proljee dani postaju sve dulji .
and longer .
I am getting more and more Taj me problem sve vie zanima .
interested in this problem .

PRIDJEVI I ZAMJENICE
Adjectives and Pronouns
410 . U engleskom jeziku postoje neke rijei koje se upotrebljavaju kao pridjevi tj . ispred
imenice , i kao zamjenice , tj . samostalno ( umjesto imenice ) . Takve su rijei :

pokazni pridjevi i zamjenice ( Demonstratives )
posvojni pridjevi i zamjenice ( Possessives )
upitni pridjevi i zamjenice ( Interrogatives )
neodreeni pridjevi i zamjenice ( Indefinites )

Sve te rijei imaju isti oblik kao pridjevi i kao zamjenice , osim posvojnih , koji imaju
posebne oblike kao pridjev , a posebne kao zamjenice .
83.

POKAZNI PRIDJEVI I ZAMJENICE
Demonstratives

411 . Najobiniji pokazni pridjevi i zamjenice jesu : this - ovaj i that - taj , onaj.
This i that su jedini pridjevi koji imaju poseban oblik za mnoinu :

jednina mnoina
this these
that those

Npr . :

This building is our school . Ova zgrada je naa kola .
These houses belong to a textile Ove kue pripadaju tvornici
factory . tekstila .
I like that car . Is it yours ? Svia mi se onaj auto . Je li va ?
Are those girls French ? Jesu li one djevojke Francuskinje ?


412 . This i these odnose se na neto to je blizu po prostoru i vremenu that i those na neto
to je udaljenije od osobe koja govori .

This , these , that i those upotrebljavaju se kao pridjevi i kao zamjenice . Npr :


413 . This man is her husband . Ovaj ovjek je njezin mu .
pridjev {
Could you lend me that pencil ? Da li biste mi mogli posuditi tu olovku ?

Is this your brother ? No , this Je li to va brat ? Ne ,
414 . zamjenica { is my friend Dick . to je moj prijatelj Dick .
When did that happen ? Kada se to dogodilo ?
Kao pokazni pridjevi i zamjenice upotrebljavaju se takoer such , the same i one .

such

415 . Kao pokazni pridjev , such znai takav , takve vrste . Npr . :

He talks too much . I don't On previe govori . Ne volim takve
like such people . ljude .
Such accidents are very common . Takve su nesree vrlo este .

416 . Such moe znaiti i velik . Npr . :

She made such a mistake . Napravila je veliku pogreku .
He is such a fool . On je velika budala .
84.


417 . Such se upotrebljava i kao zamjenica . Npr . :

If you behave like a child , you Ako se ponaa kao dijete ,
must be treated as such . mora se s tobom tako i postupati .
The result was such that everybody Rezultat je bio takav da su svi
was suprised . bili iznenaeni .

the same

418 . The same oznauje jednakost i uvijek se upotrebljava s odreenim lanom . Moe se
upotrebiti kao pridjev i kao zamjenica . Npr . :

The were born in the Roeni su u istoj kui .
same house .
pridjev {
Her eyes and her hair are Njene su oi i kosa iste boje .
the same colour .

A Happy New Year ! Sretnu novu godinu !
The same to you . I tebi .
zamjenica {
She is the same as her mother : Ona je ista kao njena majka :
intelligent , gay and pretty . pametna , vesela i draesna .


one

419 . Iza pokaznih zamjenica the , this , that , these i those esto se dodaje one ( u mnoini
ones ) da se izbjegne ponavljanje prije spomenute imenice . Npr . :

I like this cake better than that one . Vie mi se svia ovaj kola nego onaj .
You will take the brown boxes and Ti e ponijeti smee kutije , a ja
I will take the black ones . u uzeti crne .
The window of my room is the one Prozor moje sobe je onaj sa
with a green blind . zelenim zastorom .












85.


PRISVOJNI PRIDJEVI I ZAMJENICE
Possessives

420 . Posvojni pridjevi i zamjenice su rijei koje izriu pripadanje . Ubosanskom jeziku
prisvojni pridjevi i zamjenice imaju isti oblik . Npr . :

pridjev zamjenica

Moja je zadaa dobra . ija je zadaa dobra ? - Moja .
Ovo je njezina lopta . Ova lopta je njezina .

U engleskom jeziku razlikuje se oblik posvojnog pridjeva od oblika posvojne zamjenice .
Navedeni primjeri , prevedeni na engleski , glase :

pridjev zamjenica

My homework is good . Whose homework is good ?
- Mine .
This is her ball . This ball is hers .


Iz ovih primjera vidimo da mine i hers stoje umjesto my homework i her ball , tj . posvojna
zamjenica zamijenjuje posvojni pridjev s imenicom .


421. Posvojni pridjevi Posvojne zamjenice

my moj mine
your tvoj yours
his njegov his
her njezin hers
its ( za stvari ) its
our na yours
their njihov theirs


my - mine

422 . Posvojni pridjev za 1 . lice je my , a zamjenice mine . Npr . :

Is that my umbrella ? Je li to moj kiobran ?
No , I believe it is mine . Ne , mislim da je moj .





86.

your - yours

423 . Posvojni pridjev za 2 . lice jednine i mnoine je your , a zamjenica yours . Npr . :

Your answer was the best . Tvoj je odgovor bio najbolji .
Is this copybook yours . Je li biljenica tvoja ?

424 . Posvojni pridjevi za 3 . lice jednine jesu his , her i its , a zamjenica his , hers i its .


his

425 . His se upotrebljava kao pridjev i kao zamjenica ako neto pripada mukom biu . Npr .
:

Albert and his brother are Albert i njegov brat su
good footballers . dobri nogometai .
My gloves are newer than his . Moje su rukavice novije nego njegove .


her - hers

426 . Her se upotrebljava kao pridjev , a hers kao zamjenica ako neto pripada enskom
biu :

Mary and her friend are fond of Marija i njezine prijateljice vole dez .
jazz muzic .
Robert's moters tonque is Englis , Robertov je maternji jezik engleski , a njezin
and hers is French . francuski .


its


427 . Its se upotrebljava kao posvojni pridjev za stvari i za ivotinje . Npr . :

If you do not shut the tin , the coffee Ako ne zatvorite limenku , kahva e izgubiti
will lose its flavour . svoj miris .
The rabbit protected its little ones Kuni je titio svoje mlade od hladnoe .
from the cold .





87.

our - ours


Our se upotrebljava kao prisvojni pridjev , a ours kao posvojna zamjenica za 1. lice mnoine
:

Our school is on the other side Naa je kola na drugojstrani parka .
of the park .
American newspapers are bigger Amerike su novine vee nego nae .
than ours .


their - theirs


429 . Their se upotrebljava kao posvojni pridjev , a theirs kao posvojna zamjenica za 3 . lice
mnoine . Npr . :

Their expedition was a great success . Njihova je ekspedicija bila vrlo uspjena .
Our car is a Ford and theirs is a Fiat . Na auto je Ford , a njihov je Fijat .

430 . ovih primjera vidimo da engleski posvojni pridjevi ( my , your , his itd . ) imaju samo
jedan oblik za sva tri roda , dok u bosanskom imamo posebni oblik za muki , enski i
srednji rod ( englesko my moe znaiti moj , moja , moje , your , tvoj , tvoja , tvoje itd . )

431 . Posvojni se pridjev u engleskom jeziku , redovito upotrebljava ispred imenica koje
oznauju dijelove tijela i odjevne predmete . Npr . :

She carried an umbrella in her Nosila je kiobran u desnoj ruci .
right hand .
He took his handkerchief from Izvadio je iz depa rupi i obrisao lice .
his pocket and wiped his face .

Takve posvojne zamjenice , kako to vidimo iz prijevoda , ne prevode na bosanski jezik .

432 . Posvojne se zamjenice upotrebljavaju u nekim ustaljenim izrazima . Npr . :

a ffriend of mine - jedan moj prijatelj
a cousin of hers - jedan njen brati
some books of theirs - neke njihove knjige

433 . Posvojne zamjenica yours vrlo esto upotrebljava u zavrnoj fazi u pismima . Npr . :

Yours sincerely - Srdano Te pozdravlja
Yours faithfuly - S potovanjem
Very respektfully yours - S osobitim potovanjem


88.


UPITNI PRIDJEVI I ZAMJENICE
Interrogatives


434 . Pitanja esto zapoinju upitnim pridjevima ili zamjenicama .kao to su :

who , whose , whom , which i what .



who

435 . Who se moe upotrebiti samo kao zamjenica . Oblici zamjenice who jesu : genitiv
whose - iji i akuzativom whom- koga . Zamjenicom who pitamo za osobe . Npr . :

Who is our greatest conductor ? Tko je na najvei dirigent ?
Who went to fetch bread this morning ? Tko je jutros iao po kruh '

436 . U ovim primjerima zamjenica who je u nominativu . Ona je subjekt reenice .

Who ( whom ) are you O kome razgovarate ?
talking about ?
Who ( whom ) did you give Kome si dao kartu ?
did you give the tiket to ?

437 . U ovim primjerima who nije subjekt reenice . On zamjenjuje oblikom whom . U
modernom se engleskom jeziku oblik who sve vie upotrebljava umjesto whom .



whose

438 . Whose se upotrebljava kao pridjev i kao zamjenica . Npr . :

Whose car is parked in front iji je auto parkiran ispred nae kue ?
of our house ?
Whose room is the one on the left ? ija soba je ona nalijevo ?
Whose was that voice ? iji je to bio glas ?
Whose are these flowers ? ije je ovo cvijee ?




89.

what

439 . What se upotrebljava kao pridjev i kao zamjenica . Kao pridjev znai koji , kakav , a
kao zamjenica to . Npr . :

Whot sise are your shoes ? Koji broj su vae cipele ?
What time does your train leave U koje vrijeme odlazi va vlak ?
What kind of music do you like Koju vrstu glazbe vie volite ,
better , jazz or classical music ? dez ili klasinu glazbu ?
What was it you wanted to know ? to si ono htio znati ?
What did you bring her from Italy ? to si joj donio iz Italije ?
What were they doing when you to su radili kad ste vi stigli?
arrived ?

440 . What se redovno upotrebljava kad pitamo za neije zvanje . Npr . :

What is his son ? - He is a mechanic . to je njegov sin ? - On je mehaniar .
What was your grandfather ? - He to je bio tvoj djed ? - On je bio oficir .
was an officer .

441 . U upitnim se reenicama u engleskom jeziku prijedlog esto stavlja na kraj reenice .
Tako se umjesto : About what are you writing ? kae : What are you about ? - O emu pie?
Ili : With whom did she go ? bit e : Who did she go with ?


U takvim se sluajevima whom obino mijenja u who . Evo jo nekoliko primjera :

Who are you waiting for ? Koga eka ?
Who is this letter for ? Za koga je ovo pismo ?
What did you break the ime si razbioprozor ?
window with ?
What was the conference about ? O emu se govorilo na konferenciji ?


which

442 . Which se upotrebljava kao pridjev i kao zamjenica kad odabiremo jedno ili vie od
odreenog broja osoba ili stvari . Npr . :

Which way is shorter ? Koji je put najkrai ?
Which train do you want to take , Kojim vlakom elite putovati , prvim ili
the first or the second in the morning ? drugim jutarnjim ?
Which of the sisters Brown has Koja vas je od sestara Brown
invited you to her party ? pozvala na svoju zabavu ?
Which do you like better , to vie voli , aj ili kahvu ?
tea or coffee ?

90.

443 . Upitna je zamjenica vrlo esto subjekt reenice . U takvom se sluaju ne upotrbljava
glagol do . Npr . :

Who told you to leave the Tko ti je rekao da ostavi
door open ? vrata otvorena ?
What caused the train to be late ? Koji je uzrok da je vlak zakasnio ?
Wich of the boys won the game ? Koji je od djeaka pobijedio u igri ?

444 . Ako je upitna zamjenica objekat reenice , mora se upotrijebiti glagol do . Npr :

What did you see there ? to ste tamo vidjeli ?
Who did you speak to last night ? S kime si sino razgovarao ?


NEODREENI PRIDJEVI I ZAMJENICE
Indefinites

445 . Ako elimo oznaiti neku osobu , stvar , koliinu ili broj , upotrebit emo neodreeni
pridjev ili zamjenicu . U bosanskom jeziku su najobinije takve rijei : netko , neto , itko ,
ita ,
svatko , svata , nitko , nita neiji , iiji , niiji itd . Neodreeni pridjevi i zamjenice u
engleskom jeziku jesu :

some i sloenice somebody , someone , something
any i sloenice anybody , anyone , anything
no i sloenice nobody , no - one i nothing
every i sloenice everybody , everyone , everything .

Meu neodreene pridjeve i zamjenice ubrajamo i each , either , neither , both , all i one .

some

446. Some i sloenice sa some upotrebljavaju se u potvrdnim reenicama .

447 . Some uz nebrojive imenice oznauju neodreenu koliinu . Npr . :

Yesterday I bought some oil Juer sam kupio ulja za svoj auto .
for my car .
I need some money . Treba mi novaca .

448 . Some uz nebrojive imenice oznauje neodreeni broj . Npr . :

He has some interesting photographs On ima interesantnih fotografija
from Africa . iz Afrike .
There are some very good students U njegovu razredu ima vrlo dobrih
in his class . studenata .

91.

somebody i someone

449 . Somebody i someone oznauju neodreenu osobu . Npr . :

There is somebody in the next room . Netko je u susjednoj sobi .
Somebody has asked for you . Netko je pitao za tebe .
Someone wil have to pay for it . Netko e to morati platiti .
Here are somebody's gloves . Ovdje su neije rukavice .

Napomena :

Sloenice sa body i one upotrebljavaju se u genitivu ( somebody's , someone's , anybody's ,
everyone's itd . ) da oznae pripadanje neodreenoj osobi .


something

450 . Something oznauje neodreenu stvar . Npr . :

There is something wrong with Neto nije u redu s tim vratima .
that door .
Give me something to eat . Daj mi neto za jelo .


451 . Some i sloenice sa some mogu se upotrijebiti i u upitnoj reenici , i to :

ako oekujemo potvrdan odgovor . Npr . :

Can I have some sugar ? Mogu li dobiti eera ?
I can see that you have laid the table . Vidim da ste prostrli stol .
Are you expecting someone ? Oekujete li nekoga ?

u pitanjima koja izraavaju poziv ili molbu . Npr . :

Will you have some more cake ? Hoete li jo kolaa ?
Won't you have some more coffee ? Zar neete jo malo kahve ?

any

452 . Any i sloenice sa any upotrebljavaju se u upitnim i odrinim reenicama .

453 . Any uz nebrojive imenice oznauje neodreenu koliinu . Npr . :

Is there any sugar in the cupboard ? Ima li eera u ormaru ?
There was not any possibility to Nije bilo mogue dobiti taksi .
get a taxi .

92.

454 . Any uz brojive imenice znai neodreen broj . Npr .:

Are there any words in this text Ima li u tom tekstu rijei
that you don't knov ? koje ne poznajete ?
He has not any rellatives abroad . On nema roaka u inozemstvu .

455 . Imenica ispred koje stoji some ili any prevodi se obino na bosanski genitivom koji
oznauje dio neke cjeline ( partitivnim genitivom ) . To moemo vidjeti iz prijevoda
navedenih primjera .

456 . Any i njegove sloenice upotrebljavaju se uz rijei hardly , scarcely - jedva , gotovo ne ,
without - bez , koje imaju u znaenju neto odrino . Npr . :

I have done hardly any work today . Danas nisam gotovo nita uradio .
There were scarcely any houses there . Tamo gotovo i nije bilo kua .
He did it without anybody's help . On je to uinio bez iije pomoi .

457 . Any i njegove sloenice upotrebljavaju se i u potvrdnim reenicama . Onda im je
znaenje
bilo koji , bilo kakav , koji god , bilo tko itd . Npr . .

You can choose any book youlike . Moe izabrati bilo koju god knjigu eli .
You can find me at home any day Moete me nai kod kue svaki ( bilo koji )
next week . dan idueg tjedna .
It is not a difficult task. To nije teak zadatak .
Anybody can do it . To moe svatko ( bilo tko ) uiniti .


no

458 . No se upotrebljava kao pridjev , a stoji umjesto not any , Npr . :

I have no ( not any ) time today . Danas nemam vremena .
There has been no rain for weeks . Ve tjednima nije bilo kie .

none

459 . None se upotrebljava kao zamjenica , a stoji umjesto no i imenice koja je prije
spomenuta Npr . :

Can I have some butter ? Mogu li dobiti malo maslaca ?
- I am afraid there is none - Bojim se da ga nemamo kod kue.
( no butter ) at home .
All the boys were inwited but none Svi su djeaci bili pozvani , ali nijedan
were able to come . nije mogao doi .


93.

nobody , no - one

460 . Nobody i no - one su zamjenice , a znae nitko . Stoje umjesto not , anybody , not
anyone: Npr . :

Nobody came to see me on my birthday . Nitko me nije doao posjetiti za moj
roendan .
There was no - one to meet me . Nije bilo nikoga da me doeka .


nothing

461 . Nothing je zamjenica koja stoji umjesto not anything , a znai nita . Npr . :

There is nothing to be done . Nita se ne moe uiniti .
They searched him but found Pretraili su ga , ali nisu nali nita
nothing in his pockets . u njihovim depovima .

462 . Iz prijevoda odrinih reenica sa any i no ( i njihovim sloenicama ) vidimo da se u
bosanskom upotrebljavaju dvije negacije , dok u engleskim odrinim reenicama stoji samo
negacija , Npr . :

Nitko nije doao . Nobody came .
Nemam nita . I have nothing .
Nitko nije bio tamo . There was not anybody there .


every

463 . Every je samo pridjev , a znai svaki . Upotrebljava se za vie od dvoje kad se o njima
govori kao o grupi u kojoj svi lanovi imaju neke zajednike oznake . Npr . :

You can find it in every small To moete nai u svakom malom selu
village in England . u Engleskoj .
He used to come every day . Dolazio je svaki dan .


everybody i everyone

464 . Everybody i everyone su zamjenice , a znae svatko . Npr . :

In this house everybody has a U ovoj kui svatko ima televizor .
television set .
The earthquake was a great blow Potres je bio teak udarac za svakoga .
to everyone .


94.

everything

465 . Everything je zamjenica , a znai svata , sve . Npr . :

Almost everything in his Gotovo je sve u njegovoj domaoj zadai
homework was wrong . bilo pogreno .
I ate a little of everything . Jeo sam pomalo od svaega .


each

466 . Each znai svaki , a upotrebljava se kao pridjev i kao zamjenica za dvoje ili vie njih
kad se o njima govori pojedinano . Npr . :

I sent some chocolate to each girl . Poslao sam okolade svakoj od djevojica .
Each of them had to write an essay . Svaki pojedini od njih morao je napisati
jedan sastavak .


either

467 . Either se upotrebljava kao pridjev i kao zamjenica , a znai jedan ili drugi od dva , ili
jedan i drugi od dva . Npr . :

Have you written to either of them ? Jesi li pisao kojem od njih dvojice ?
People walked on either side of the street . Ljudi su hodali na obje strane ulice .


neither

Neither se upotrebljava kao pridjev i kao zamjenica , a znai nijedan ni drugi . Npr . :

They showed her both houses but she Pokazali su joj obje kue , ali joj se
liked neither . ni jedna nije sviala .
Neither of the two novels is Ne vrijedi proitati ni jedan od
worth reading . ta dva romana .
In neither case can I join you . Ne mogu vam se pridruiti ni u jednom
ni u drugom sluaju .








95.

other

469 . Other se moe upotrebiti kao pridjev i kao zamjenica , a znai drugi , ne taj , ne isti .
Moe stajati s odreenim i s neodreenim lanom . S neodreenim lanom pie se uvijek kao
jedna rije another . Npr . :

I have seen other people do the Vidio sam da drugi ljudi rade to isto .
same thing .
I don't like this television set . Show Ne svia mi se ovaj televizor . Pokaite mi
me the other . onaj drugi .
I have lost my watch and have Izgubio sam sat pa moram kupiti drugi .
buy another .
What was the other's name ? Kako se zvao onaj drugi ?
Tell the others that the meeting Reci ostalim da se sastanak nee odrati .
won't take place .

napomena

470 . Other i another kao zamjenice imaju genitiv ( other's , another's ) a other ( kao
zamjenica ) upotrebljava se i u mnoini ( others - drugi , ostali )

all

471 . All se upotrebljava kao pridjev i kao zamjenica , a znai sav , cijeli , svi , sve itd . Glagol
uz all moe stajati u jednini i u mnoini .

472 . Kad all znai sve ( za oznaku koliine ) , glagol stoji u jednini . Npr . :

They had to stop building the house Morali su prestali s gradnjom kue jer je
because all timber was ruined by the rain . svu drvenu grau unitila kia .
All my time is taken up by reading Sve vrijeme troim na pripremanje za ispit .
for the exam .


473 . Kad all znai svi , glagol stoji u mnoini . Npr . :

All the girls admired his voice . Sve su se djevojke divile njegovu glasu .
There are so many films on that Daje se toliko filmova da ih ne moe
you can't see themall . sve vidjeti .

both

474 . Both se upotrebljava kao pridjev i kao zamjenica , a tnai oba , jedan i drugi . Glagol
uz both stoji uvijek u mnoini .

Both rooms are on the first floor . Obje su sobe u prvom katu .
They were both the same height . Bili su obojica iste visine .

96.


napomena

475 . U engleskom jeziku postoje tri neodreene zamjenice koje se upotrebljavaju kad se
radi o dvije osobe ili stvari , a to su : both , either i neither .


one

476 . One je zamjenica koja oznauje neku neodreenu osobu . U tom se sluaju u
bosanskom jeziku obino upotrebljava rije " ovjek " Npr . :

One cannot believe her , she is ovjek joj ne moe vjerovati , nikada
never serious . nije ozbiljna .
One cannot but admire him . ovjek ne moe a da mu se ne divi .

477 . One se esto upotrebljava umjesto brojive imenice koja je ve prije u reenici
spomenuta . Npr . :

After selling his house in the country , Poto je prodao svoju kuu na selu ,
he bought one in the town . kupio je jednu ( kuu ) u gradu .

478 . Ako one zamijenjuje imenicu u mnoini , onda se stavlja u mnoinu . Npr . :

I should like to bui a tie . Could you elio bih kupiti jednu kravatu . Da li biste mi
show me the ones you have in the window .mogli pokazati one to ih imate u izlogu ?
Modern buildings have much more Moderne zgrade imaju mnogo vie svijetla
light than the old ones . nego stare .


LINE ZAMJENICE
Personal Pronouns

479 . Line zamjenice oznauju :

1. lice , tj . osobu koja govori . Npr . :
I know him very well . Poznam ga vrlo dobro ;

2 . lice , tj . osobu kojoj se govori Npr . :
You know him very well . Ti ga vrlo dobro pozna ;

3 . lice , tj osobu o kojoj se govori . Npr . :
She knows him very well . Ona ga vrlo dobro pozna .


97.

480 . Line imaju za svako lice poseban oblik , osim za 2 . lice jednine i mnoine . Nominativ
linih zamjenica glasi :

I - ja we - mi
you - ti you - vi
he - on
she - ona they - oni , one , ona
it - on , ona , ono ( za stvari i ivotinje )


I

481 . I je lina zamjenica za 1 . lice jednine . Pie se uvijek velikim slovom . Npr . :

I know that I must write this letter . Znam da moram napisati to pismo .


you

482 . You je lina zamjenica za 2 . lice jednine i mnoine . Npr . :

She said to her son " You must Rekla je svojem sinu : " To ne smije uiniti ."
not do that . "
Our teacher always says : Boys and Na nastavnik uvijek kae : " Djeaci i
djevojke ,
girls , you must work harder . " morate marljivije raditi . "

he

483 . He je lina zamjenica za 3 . lice , a upotrebljava se za muka bia . Npr . :

The policeman stands at the Policajac stoji na raskru . On upravlja
crossroads . He controls the traffic . prometom .


she

484 . She je lina zamjenica za 3 . lice , a upotrebljava se za enska bia . Npr . :

My mother works in an office . Moja majka radi u uredu . Ona nema vremena
She has no time to go shopping . da ide po trgovinama .





98.


it

485 . It se upotrebljava :

za stvari i ivotinje . Npr . :

I like your new tie , it is very smart . Svia mi se tvoja nova kravata , vrlo je
elegantna .
The television set was on a little table . Televizor je stajao na stoliu . Bio je sasvim nov
.
It was quite new .
Look at my puppy . Isn't it pretty ? Pogledaj moga psia . Zar nije draestan ?

486 . u nekim bezlinim izrazima . Npr . :

It sometimes rains in winter . U zimu katkad pada kia .
It is warmer in Italy than here . Toplije je u Italiji nego ovdje .
It is very cold today . It is freezing . Danas je vrlo hladno .Smrzava se .

487 . u izrazima koji oznauju vrijeme ili udaljenost .Npr . :

It was five o'clock when we arrived . Bilo je pet sati kad smo stigli .
It is too late to go for a walk now . Prekasno je da se sada ide na etnju .
How far is it to the station ? Kako je daleko do stanice ?
It is twenty miles to London . Do Londona ima dvadeset milja .

we

488 . We se upotrebljava kad osoba koja govori ukljuuje jo neke druge osobe . Npr . :

I have discussed the matter with my Razgovarao sam o toj stvari sa svojim
colleagues and we have decided not kolegama , pa smo odluili da ne idemo .
to go .

they

489 . They se upotrebljava za 3 . lice mnoine i znai oni , one , ona . Npr . :

Here are my sons . They will help you . Evo mojih sinova . Oni e vam pomoi .
Mary and Ann don't like tennis but Mary i Ann ne vole tenis , aji ( one ) vole
they are fond of other sports . druge sportove .
Look at the children . They seem to be Pogledaj djecu . ini da su ( ona )
zadovoljna
happy in the garden . u vrtu .



99.


Padei linih zamjenica

490 . Nominativ line zamjenice ( I , you , he , she , it , we , they ) najee je subjekt u
reenici . Npr . :

I must try to do it . Moram pokuati da to nainim .
She left five minutes ago . Otila je prije pet minuta .
Unfortunately , we cannot Na alost , ne moemo prihvatiti vau ponudu .
accept your offer .

491 . Pade objekta ( Objective Case ) glase :

me - meni , mene , mi , me
you - tebi , tebe , ti , te
him - njemu , njega , mu , ga
her - njoj ,nju , joj , je
it - za stvari sva tri roda
it - za stvari sva tri roda
us - nama , nas
you - vama , vas
them - njima , njih im ,ih

Pade objekta se upotrebljava :

492 . kad je lina zamjenica pravi ili direktni objekt reenice . Npr . :

I met him yesterday . Sreo sam ga juer .
He has taught them for five years . On ih pouava ve pet godina .

493 . kad je lina zamjenica nepravi ili indirektni objekt . Npr . :

He gave me a lot of work to do . Dao mi je mnogo posla .
I showed him my stamps . Pokazao sam mu svoje marke .



494 . kad lina zamjenica stoji iza prijedloga . Npr . :

We have been speaking about him . Razgovarali smo o njemu .
Were are my spectacles ? Will you Gdje su moje oale ? Hoe li ih
look for them ? potraiti ?




100.

Poloaj linih zamjenica u reenici


495 . Nominativ line zamjenice stoji redovito na poetku reenice . Npr . :

We can't believe him . Ne moemo mu vjerovati .
They are late again . Oni su opet zakasnili .

496 . Ako je zamjenica direktni objekt , ona stoji iza glavnog glagola . Npr . :

I have seen him many times . Vidio sam ga mnogo puta .
They sent her to school last year . Prole su je godine poslali u kolu .

497 . Ako je lina zamjenica indirektni objekt , ona moe stajati ispred direktnog objekta ili
iza njega . Ako stoji iza direktnog objekta , dolazi uvijek s prijedlogom to . Npr . :


I gave him three books . Dao sam mu tri knjige .

ali :

I gave three books to him . Dao sam tri knjige njemu .

ili :

I 'll send her some flowers . Poslat u joj cvijea .

ali :

I 'll send some flowers to her . Poslat u cvijea njoj .

498 . U primjerima s prijedlogom to vidimo da je indirektni o objekat naglaen ili istaknut .
Takvo isticanje je osobito izraeno u primjeru :

She gave the sweets to them Dala je slatkia njima , a ne tebi .
and not to you .



POVRATNE ZAMJENICE
Reflexive Pronouns

499 . Povratne su zamjenice rijei koje stoje uz prelazne glagole i oznauju da se radnja
vraa
na subjekt . Drugim rijeima , one oznauju da su subjekt i objekt isto lice . Tako npr . :
Ona pere rublje , radnja ( tj . pranje ) prelazi na rublje .

101.

500 . Oblik povratne zamjenice za sva lica glasi :

myself ourselves
yourself yourselves
himself
herself } themselves
itself

501 . Kako vidimo , 1 . i 2 . lice jednine i mnoine povratne zamjenice tvore se od posvojnog
pridjeva my , your , our , your b) a 3 . lice od padea objekta line zamjenice ( him ,
her , it , them ) i rijei self za jedninu , a selves za mnoinu .

U engleskom jeziku povratna zamjenica ima poseban oblik za svako lice , dok je ona u
bosanskom jeziku za sva lica jednaka .

Povratna se zamjenica upotrebljava :

502 . kad su subjekt i objekt isto lice . Npr . :

He was not able to protekt himself Nije se mogao zatititi od
fromthe cold . hladnoe .
She helped herself to some more sugar . Posluila se sa jo malo eera .
Go and wash yourself , John ! Hajde se oprati , John !

503 . uz prijedloge . Npr . :

From my room I could hear speak uo sam iz svoje sobe kako sama sa
to herself . sobom razgovara .
In all his works he writes only U svim svojim djelima pie samo o sebi .
about himself .
He was standing in front of the mirror Stajao je pred zrcalom gledajui se .
looking at himself .

U engleskom jeziku postoji tendencija da se povratna zamjenica upotrebljava sve manje i
manje .
Jedan je od razloga tome vjerovatno i taj to su te rijei dugake i nespretne , dok je
povratna
zamjenica ubosanskom jeziku kratka rije koja se lako dodaje glagolu . Stoga se mnogi
glagoli koji se u bosanskom jeziku upotrebljavaju s povratnom zamjenicom mogu u
engleskom upotrebljavati i bez nje . Npr .

prati se - wash , brijati se - shave , oblaiti se - dress , itd





102.

Zamjenice za isticanje ( Emphatic Pronouns )

504 . Zamjenice myself , yourself itd . upotrebljavaju se takoer ako elimo naglasiti
imenicu ili linu zamjenicu u reenici . Npr . :

The headmaster himself opened Sam je direktor otvorio sastanak .
the meeting .
She decided to answer the letter herself . Odluila je da sama odgovori na pismo .

ODNOSNE ZAMJENICE
Relatives

505 . Odnosne zamjenice upotrebljavaju se u odnosnim reenicama . Npr . : Ovo je uenik
koji
je najbolje izradio svoju zadau .

Odnosne reenice sastoje se od dviju reenica , od kojih jedna ( obino druga ) poinje
odnosnom zamjenicom i poblie oznauje neku rije , najee imenicu , iz prve reenice .
Tako u navedenom primjeru reenica " koji je najbolje izradio svoju zadau " poblie
oznauje
imenicu " uenik "

Odnosne su zamjenice u engleskom jeziku ove :

who , whom , whose , which , that i what .

who

506 . Oblici zamjenice who jesu :

nominativ : who -tko
genitiv : whose - iji
pade objekta : whom - koga

507 . Who i whom upotrebljavaju se samo onda kad imenica u prvoj reenici oznauje neku
osobu . Npr . :

The girls who live in his house Djevojke koje stanuju u njegovoj kui
are his nieces . njegove su neakinje .
The boy who was talking to me Djeak koji je sa mnom razgovarao o
about the concert is a student of music . koncertu jest student muzike .
The tall man whom we met in the Visoki ovjek kojeg smo sreli na ulici
street is my headmaster . jest moj direktor .
The young lady whom you can see Mlada gospoica koju vidite meu
among the students is a well-known studentima poznata je pjevaica .
singer .
103.


508 . Whom je u ovim primjerima gramatiki ispravan oblik , ali se u govornom engleskom
jeziku taj oblik sve rjee upotrebljava te se zamjenjuje oblikom who ili that . esto se
relativna
zamjenica moe i izostaviti . Tako navedeni primjeri mogu glasiti i ovako :

The tall man who we met in the street ...
The tall man that we met in the street ...
The tall man we met in the street ...
The young lady who you can see ...
The young lady that you can see ...

509 . Whom se zamjenjuje sa who i onda kad dolazi sa prijedlogom . U takvim sluajevima
prijedlog se stavlja na kraj reenice . Umjesto who moe se upotrijebiti i that , ili se
zamjenica
izostavi . Npr . :


The girl to whom I wrote the letter Djevojka kojoj sam pisao pismo jest
is a friend of mine . moja prijateljica .

moe glasiti i ovako :

The girl who I wrote the letter to ...
The girl that I wrote the letter to ...
The girl I wrote the letter to ...

ili :

This is the man about whom I spoke . To je ovjek o kojem sam govorio .

This is the man who I spoke about .
This is the man that I spoke about .
This is the man I spoke about .


whose

510 . Whose se obino upotrebljava za osobe , rjee za stvari . Npr . :

The doctor whose picture you saw in Lijenik iju si sliku vidio u Lijenikom
the Medical journal is a friend of mine . vjesniku moj je prijatelj .
The boy whose bicycle was stolen Djeak kojemu su ukrali bicikl
went to the police . otiao je na miliciju .
The people whose houses were damaged Ljudi kojima je poplava otetila kue
by the flood had to move to another village . morali su se preseliti u drugo selo .
A river whose banks are steep is not Rijeka kojoj su obale strme nije
convenient for bathing . pogodna za kupanje .



104.



Which

511 . Which se upotrebljava kao odnosna zamjenica kad imenica u prvoj reenici oznauje
neku stvar ili ivotinju . Npr . :

The grammar which you are studying Gramatika to je sada uite mnogo
now will help you a lot . e vam pomoi .
The courage which he showed Hrabrost to ju je pokazao bila
was amazing . je izvanredna .
The picture which is hanging in his drawing Slika to visi u njegovu salonu
room is very valuable . vrlo je vrijedna .

512 . U svim se ovim primjerima moe which zamijeniti sa that , a kad te zamjenice nisu
subjekt reenice , mogu se i izostaviti . Prema tome bi navedeni primjeri mogli glasiti i ovako
:

The grammar that you are stuying ...
The grammar you are stuying ...
The courage that he showed ...
The courage he showed ...


U primjeru :

The picture which is hanging in his drawing room ...

moemo which zamijeniti sa that , ali ga ne moemo izostaviti jer je u nominativu .


Ispred which moe stajati i prijedlog . Npr . :

The film about which I told you Film o kojem sam ti govorio
is very amusing . vrlo je zabavan .


Ako u takvom sluaju umjesto which upotrebimo that , prijedlog mora doi na kraj .
Prema tome ovaj e primjer glasiti :

The film that I told you about ...

ali se that moe i izostaviti :

The film I told you about ...

105.

that

That se upotrebljava :
513 . iza superlativa . Npr . :
Shakespeare was the greatest dramatist Shakespeare je bio najvei dramatiar
that ever liwed koji je ikada ivio .
This is the most interesting book that To je najzanimljivija knjiga to sam
I have ever read . je ikada itao .

514 . iza all , everything , nothing , much i little . Npr . :
You are welcome to all that is on Izvolite se posluiti svime to je na
the table . stolu .
He offered his frijend everything that Ponudio je svome prijatelju sve to
he had in his house . je imao u svojoj kui .
In the museum they saw nothing that U muzeju nisu vidjeli nita to ve
they had not seen before . prije nisu vidjeli .
There was nobody that wanted to help her . Nije bilo nikoga tko joj je htio pomoi .
Much that people read is nonsense . Mnogo toga to ljudi itaju jest glupost .

515 . kad izveeg broja osoba , ivotinja ili stvari izdvajamo jednu ili vie njih . Npr . :

The boy that opened the door for me is Djeak koji mi je otvorio vrata sin je
my friend's son . moga prijatelja .
The coat that I bought last year is still Kaput to sam ga kupio prole godine
very good . jo je vrlo dobar .
This is the dog that bit my little son . To je pas to je ugrizao moga sinia .

516 . That se ne moe nikada upotrijebiti ako postoji samo jedno takvo bie ili stvar . U
takvom se sluaju za osobe upotrebljava who , a za stvari i ivotinje which . Npr . :

My father , who is a worker , works Moj otac , koji je radnik , radi
in a coal - mine . u ugljenokopu .
St . Paul's Cathedral , which is one Katedralu sv . Pavla , koja je jedna od
of the finest buildings in London was najljepih zgrada u Londonu , sagradio
built by Sir Christopher Wren . je Sir Chrisopher Wren .

U ova je dva primjera odnosna reenica uklopljena u glavnu reenicu .Ona nije bitna za
sadraj
cijele reenice , ve samo daje samo jednu dodatnu informaciju o imenici u glavnoj reenici
I bez te uklopljene reenice smisao glavne reenice bio bi potpun , pa bi gornje reenice
mogle glasiti :

My father works in a coal - mine .
St . Paul's Cathedral was built by Sir Christhopher Wren .

Uklopljene odnosne reenice odvajaju se zarezom od ostalog dijela reenice jednako kao
uklopljene odnosne reenice u bosanskom jeziku .
106.


517 . What znai ono to i upotrebljava se kao odnosna zamjenica samo onda kad u glavnoj
reenici nema imenice na koju se zamjenica odnosi . Npr . ;

He refused to do what he was Nije htio nainiti ono to su mu rekli
told to . da naini .
She told me what I did not want Rekla mi je ono to ja nisam elio
to hear . uti .
He did not want to believe what Nije htio vjerovati to su mu ljudi
people told him about his son's behaviour . govorili o vladanju njegova sina .



PRILOZI
Adverbs

518 . Prilozi su rijei koje poblie oznauju glagole , pridjeve ilipriloge . Npr . :

He writes neatly . On pie uredno .
The film is rather good . Film je prilino dobar .
He speaks quite well . Ongovori sasvim dobro .


519 . Najobinije vrste priloga jesu :


prilozi naina ( adverbs of manner ) . Npr. :

badly - loe , slowly - sporo , bradvely - hrabro , well - dobro itd . ;

prilozi mjesta ( adverbs of place ) . Npr . :

here - ovdje , everywhere - posvuda , down - dolje itd . ;

prilozi odreenog vremena ( adverbs of definite time ) . Npr . :

today - danas , now - sada , yesterday - juer itd . ;

prilozi neodreenog vremena ( adverbs of indefinite time ) . Npr . :

sometimes - katkada , always - uvijek , often - esto itd .;

prilozi stupnja ( adverbs of degree ) . Npr . :

very - vrlo , too - previe , enough - dovoljno , quite - sasvim itd .



107..

520 . Prilozi naina obino se tvore tako da se pridjevu doda nastavak - ly . Npr . :

pridjev prilog
quick quick - ly - brzo
quiet quiet - ly - mirno
stupid stupid - ly - glupo
useful useful - ly - korisno

521 . Ako pridjev svrava na - y , taj se y ispred nastavka - ly mijenja u i . Npr . :

happy happily - sretno
pretty prettily - draesno
gay gaily - veselo
easy easily - lako

522 . Pridjevi koji zavravaju na - ly nemaju odgovarajueg priloga . Kod takvih pridjeva
umjesto priloga upotrebljava se priloka fraza . Npr . :

friendly - prijazan in a friendly way - prijazno
manly - muevan in a manly way - muevno

523 . Pridjevu good odgovara prilog well . Npr . :

He is a good driver . He drives well . On je dobar voza . On vozi dobro .

524 . Neke rijei imaju isti oblik za pridjev i za prilog . To su :

fast - brz , brzo , early - ran , rano , late - kasan , kasno , hard - teak , teko . far - dalek
, daleko itd . Npr . :

Yours is a fast car . Va auto je brz .
It runs fast . On vozi brzo .
I don't like early trains . Ne volim rane vlakove .
I don't like getting up early . Ne volim ustajati rano .
Mining is hard work . Kopanje u rudniku je teak posao .
Miners work hard . Rudari teko rade .
They know very little about Oni znaju vrlo malo o dalekoj prolosti
the far past of their town . svoga grada .
His house is far from the shops . Kua mu je daleko od trgovina .

525 . Neki prilozi imaju dva oblika : jedan koji je jednak pridjevu i drugi s nastavkom
-ly . U takvom sluaju oblik na -ly ima drukije znaenje . Npr . :

She has worked hard all her life . Cijeloga je svoga ivota teko radila .
I am so busy that I can hardly find Tako sam zaposlen da jedva mogu nai
time to write my private letters . vremena za svoja privatna pisma .
Last night I went to bed very late . Sino sam iao vrlo kasno spavati .


108.


Lately some serious traffic accidents U posljednje vrijeme dogodilo se nekoliko
have happened . ozbiljnih prometnih nesrea .
He lives so near that we can easly On stanuje tako blizu da moemo lako
walk it . otii onamo pjeice .
I have nearly forgotten where it is . Gotovo sam zaboravio gdje je to .
Their cottage is high up inthe mountain , Njihova je kuica visoko u planini ,
but I was highly pleased when they ali mi je bilo drago kad su me pozvali
invited me to visit them . da ih posjetim .



KOMPARACIJA PRILOGA
Comparison of Adverbs

Za komparaciju priloga vrijede ista pravila kao i za komparaciju pridjeva .

526 . Jednosloni prilozi i prilog early tvore komparativ s nastavkom - er , superlativ s
nastavkom - est . Npr . :

fast - brzo fast - er fast -est
hard - teko hard - er hard - est
near - blizu near - er near - est
early - rano earli - er earli - est .

527 . Budui da su svi prilozi s nastavkom - ly dvosloni ili viesloni ,oni tvore komparativ
s more , a superlativ s most . Npr . :

slowly - sporo more slowly most slowly
bravely - hrabro more bravely most bravely
politely - uljudno more politely most politely

Za razliku od superlativa pridjeva , pred superlativom priloga nikada ne stoji odreeni lan .

Nepravilna komparacija priloga

528 . Neki prilozi imaju nepravilnu komparaciju . To su :

well - dobro better best
badly - loe worse worst
little - malo less least
much - mnogo more most
far - daleko farther farthest
further furthest




109..



POLOAJ PRILOGA U REENICI
Position of Adverbs


529 . Prilozi obino stoje na kraju reenice . Ako u jednoj reenici ima vie vrsta priloga ,
oni
stoje ovim redom : prilog naina , mjesta , vremena . Npr . :

I didn't fell well at school yesterday . Juer se nisam u koli dobro osjeao .
She played her part excellently in the Ona je sino odlino odigrala svoju
new theatre last night . ulogu u novom kazalitu .

Da bi se izbjeglo gomilanje priloga na kraju reenice , moe se prilog vremena staviti i na
poetak . Onda e ove reenice glasiti :

Yesterday I didn't feel well at school .
Last night she played her part excellently in the new theatre .

530 . Prilozi naina ( Adverbs of Manner )

Prilozi naina odgovaraju na pitanje kako ? i obino stoje uz objekt ili , ako nema objekta ,
neposredno iza glagola . Npr . :

She answered my letter quicly . Brzo je odgovorila na moje pisma .
He delivered the message promptly . On je spremno predao poruku .
He spoke slowly . Govorio je sporo .
She sang beautifully . Pjevala je lijepo .

Napomena :
Prilog se nikada ne smije staviti izmeu glagola i objekta . Ne valja rei :
She answered quicly my letter , nego , : She answered my letter quicly .

531 . Prilozi mjesta ( Adverbs of Place )

Prilozi mjesta odgovaraju na pitanje gdje ? kamo ? kuda ? itd .
Njihov je poloaj isti kao i poloaj priloga naina . Npr . :

Did you writte your homework here ? Jesi li ovdje napisao svoju domau zadau .
You won't find such grapes anywhere . Nigdje neete nai takvog groa .
We went home but she wasn't in . Poli smo kui , ali nje nije bilo kod kue .



110.



Prilozi vremena ( Adverbs of Time )

Prilozi vremena odgovaraju na pitanje kada ? itd . Njima se moe oznaiti odreeno ili
neodreeno vrijeme .


532 . Prilozi odreenog vremena ( Adverbs of Definitive Time ) ( today - danas , now - sada ,
yesterday - juer , tomorrow - sutra itd . ) obino stoje na kraju reenice , a mogu stajati
i na poetku . Npr . :

Let's go to the cinema tonight . Poimo veeras u kino .
He won't be at home tomorrow . Sutra ga nee biti kod kue .
Today the shops are closed . Danas su trgovine zatvorene .
Now it is too late to change anything . Sada je prekkasno da se bilo to izmijeni .


533 . Prilozi neodreenog vremena ( Adverbs of Indefinite Time )

( often - esto , seldom - rijetko , sometimes - katkada , never - nikada itd ) stoje uvijek
ispred glavnog glagola . Prema tome , ako je sloeno vrijeme , prilozi neodreenog
vremena
stoje iza pomonog glagola . Npr . :

They often go to the country to see Oni esto odlaze na selo da posjete
their parents . svoje roditelje .
I sometimes listen to the news Katkada sluam vijesti iz Londona .
from London .
She never speaks about herself . Ona nikada ne govori o sebi .
I have always been a bad swimmer . Uvijek sam bio slab pliva .


534 . Prilozi neodreenog vremena stoje uvijek iza prezenta ili preterita glagola to be . Npr .

Our trams are always crowded . Nai su tramvaji uvijek puni .
I often came to see him but he was Doao sam esto da ga posjetim , ali ga
never at home . nikada nije bilo kod kue .


535 . Prilog ago stoji uvijek iza imenice koja oznauje vrijeme . Npr . :

They moved to their new flat Preselili su se u novi stan
three months ago . prije tri mjeseca .
She bought a new villa a year ago . Kupila je novu vilu prije godinu dana .




111.


Prilozi stupnja ( Adverbs of Degree )

536 . Prilozi stupnja ( too - previe , quite - sasvim , rather - prilino , enough - dosta itd )
poblie oznauju pridjeve ili priloge , a rijetko glagole . Osim priloga enough , oni uvijek
stoje ispred pridjeva ili priloga to ga oznauju . Npr . :

It is too cold to go swimming . Prehladno je da se poe na kupanje .
The story is quite interesting . Pria je prilino zanimljiva .
This coffee is rather bitter . Ova je kahva prilino gorka .


enough

537 . Enough seupotrebljava kao pridjev i kao prilog . Kao prilog stoji iza pridjeva ili
priloga
to ga poblie oznauje . Npr . :

He is not strong enough for this job . On nije dovoljno jak za taj posao .
He knows the town well enough On poznaje grad dosta dobro da se
to find his way . u njemu snae .

538 . Enough kao pridjev stoji ispred imenice . Npr . :

She never puts enough sugar in my tea . Ona nikada ne stavi dovoljno eera u moj aj
.
I have not enough time to read fiction . Nemam dovoljno vremena da itam
beletristiku .












112.
BROJEVI
Numerals

539 . Glavni brojevi kazuju koliko je ega , a redni koji je po redu .

Glavni brojevi Redni brojevi
Cardinal Numbers Ordinal Numbers

1 one the first
2 two the second
3 three the third
4 four the fourth
5 five the fifth
6 six the sixth
7 seven the seventh
8 eight the eighth
9 nine the ninth
10 ten the tenth
11 eleven the eleventh
12 twelve the twelfth
13 thirteen the thirteenth
14 fourteen the fourteenth
15 fifteen the fifteenth
16 sixteen the sixteenth
17 seventeen the seventeenth
18 eighteen the eighteenth
19 nineteen the nineteenth
20 twenty the twentieth
21 twenty - one the twenty - first
22 twenty - two the twenty - second
23 twenty - three the twenty - third
30 thirty the thirtieth
40 forty the fortieth
50 fifty the fiftieth
60 sixty the sixtieth
70 seventy the seventieth
80 eighty the eightieth
90 ninety the ninetieth
100 a hundred the hundredth
101 a hundred and one the hundred and first
200 two hundred the two hundredth
221 two hundred and twenty - one the two hundred and twenty - first
250 two hundred and fifty the two hundred and fiftieth
1000 a thousand the thousandth
1003 a thousand and three the thousand and third
1000000 a million the millionth


113.

540 . Prva tri redna broja tvore se nepravilno . Ostali se redni brojevi tvore tako da se
glavnom
broju doda nastavak -th . U pismu se redni brojevi skrauju tako da se uz brojku stave
posljednja
dva slova . Npr . : first - 1st , second - 2nd , third - 3rd , fourth - 4th itd .

541 . Napomene uz pisanje nekih brojeva

Five i twelve u rednom broju mijenjaju ve u f i dobivaju nastavak th ( fifth , twelfth ) .
Nine u rednom broju gubi krajnje -e ( nine - the ninth ) .
Eight u rednom broju dobiva samo nastavak - h ( eight - h ) .
Twenty , thirty i svi ostali brojevi na -y mijenjaju to y ispred nastavka -th u ie ( twentieth
,
thirtieth itd )
Four , fourteen ali forty .

542 . Pri itanju sloenih brojeva stavlja se ispred desetice , pred jedinice , and . Npr . :

212 - two hundred and twelve
366 - three hundred and sixty - six
3418 - thre thousand four hundred and eighteen
1000002 - one million and two

543 . Kad ispred rijei hundred , thousand , million stoji odreeni broj , onda one ne
dobivaju
u mnoini nastavak -s . Npr . :

four hundred dollars - 400 dolara
five thousand and twenty students - 5020 studenata
three million inhabitans - 3000000 stanovnika .

544 . Ako ispred tih rijei ne stoji odreeni broj , one u mnoini dobivaju nastavak -s . Npr. :

hundreds of years - stotine godina
thousands of people - tisue ljudi
millons of pounds - milijuni funti .

U tom sluaju iza tih brojeva dolazi prijedlog of .


545 . Kad brojevi oznauju godine , upotrebljava se hundred umjesto thousand . Npr . :

1786 . - seventeen hundred and eighty six
1947 . - nineteen hundred and forty - seven

ili samo : seventeen eighty - six
nineteen forty - seven itd .
114.


546 . Uz godine se upotrebljava prijedlog in , uz dane on . Npr . :

in eighteen forty - eight - tisuu osamsto etrdeset osme
on June 15th - 15. lipnja .

547 . Umnoeni su brojevi :

once - jedanput
twice - dvaput
three times - triput ( ili thrice , ali samo u pjesnitvu )
four times - etiri puta itd .

548 . Razlomci imaju u nazivniku redni broj :

4 / 5 - four fifths
6 / 7 - six sevenths
8 / 10 - eight tenths

Razlika je jedino kod 1 / 2 - one half , i 1 / 4 - one quarter ili a quarter , 3 / 4 - three quarters

549 . Ispredrednog broja stoji odreeni lan . Npr . :

the first lesson - prva lekcija
the second year - druga godina
the hundredth car - stoti auto

550 . Uz imena kraljeva piu se rimski brojevi . Npr . :

Henry VI I I ( itaj : Henry the Eight )
Elisabeth I ( itaj : Elisabeth the First )

551 .

Dani u tjednu ( hevti ) Mjeseci u godini

Sunday - nedjelja January July
Monday - ponedeljak February August
Tuesday - utorak March September
Wednesday - srijeda April Oktober
Thursday - etvrtak May November
Friday - petak June December
Saturday - subota





115.


552 . Datume izraavamo rednim brojevima . Kad itamo ili govorimo , kaemo :

October the second ili the second of October , a to se moe pisati na razne naine :
October 2 , October 2nd , 2nd October , 2nd of October .

553 . Vrijeme se kazuje ovim izrazima :


What is the time ? What time is it ? - Koliko je sati ?
It is eight o'clock . Osam je sati .
It is five ( minutes ) past eleven . Sada je jedanaest sati i pet minuta .
It is a quarter past twelve . Sada je dvanaest i etvrt .
Half past nine . Devet i po .
Twenty - five minutes to ten . Dvadeset i pet minuta do deset .
A quarter to three . etvrt do tri .



Napomena :

Izraz past upotrebljava se sve do polovice sata ( ukljuivi i polovicu ) , a od polovice dalje
do punog sata upotrebljava se prijedlog to s iduim satom .

554 . Uz satove stoji prijedlog at . Npr . :


At seven o'clock . - U sedam sati .
At half past three . - Utri i po .
At a quarter to eleven . - Uetvrt do jedanaest .

555 . Uz dijelove dana stoji prijedlog in . Npr . :


In the morning . - Ujutro .
In the afternoon . - Popodne .
In the evening . - Uvee .


Nou se kae at night , a danju by day .


556 . Vrijeme dolaska ili odlaska vlakova kazuje se ovako :


The next passenger train arrives at 4
55
( at four fifty - five ) .
Idui putniki vlak dolazi u 4
55
.
It leaves at 6
20
. - Odlazi u 6
20
( at six twenty )



116.

Napomena :


Da bi se oznailo da li je , recimo , 5 sati ujutro ili popodne , upotrebljavaju se latinske
kratice
a . m . ( ante meridiem - prije podne ) i p . m . ( post meridiem - poslije podne ) .


557 . Dob se izraava ovim izrazima :


How old is he ? - Koliko mu je godina ?
What is her age ? - Koje je ona dobi ?
John is fifteen . - Johnu je petnaest godina .
Mary is twenty years old . -Mariji je dvadeset godina .
A man of forty . -Mukarac od etrdeset godina .


PRIJEDLOZI
Prepositions


Najobiniji su prijedlozi :


on

558 . Prijedlogom on oznaujemo mjesto i vrijeme . Npr . :

on the table - na stolu , on top - na vrhu itd
on Monday - u ponedeljak , on my birthday - na moj roendan


at

559 . Prijedlog at dolazi u prilokim oznakama mjesta i vremena . Npr . :

at the theatre - u kazalitu , at the table - za stolom , at the Faculty - na fakultetu ,
at the station - na stanici , at the seaside - na moru ;
at seven o'clock - u sedam sati , at a quarter past eight - u osam i etvrt ,
at midnight - u pono , at noon - u podne , at night - nou

117.


in

560 . Prijedlog in upotrebljava se za mjesto i za vrijeme . Npr . :

in the room - u sobi , in the hall - u halu , in England - u Engleskoj , in the hospital -
u bolnici ; in August - u kolovozu , in autumn - u jesen , in 1994 , inthe XIX th century
-
u devetnaestom stoljeu itd .


to


561 . To oznauje kretanje prema nekom cilju . Npr . :

He goes to the river every morning . On svakog jutra ide na rijeku .
She is going to market . Ona ide na trg .


Napomena :

562 . Uz glagol arrive - stii nikada se ne upotrebljava prijedlog to , nego in ili at Npr . :

He arrived in London last night . Stigao je u London sino .
The President arrived in Holland Predsjednik je juer stigao u
yesterday . Holandiju .
They arrive at Victoria Station at 7
30
p.m. Oni stiu na Viktorija kolodvor u 7
30
uvee
.


into

563 . Into oznauje smjer kretanja . Npr . :

He jumped into the water . - Skoio je u vodu .
He ran into the room . - Utrao je u sobu


from

564 From izraava kretanje od nekog mjesta . Npr .:

They came from Dubrovnik by plane . Doli su iz Dubrovnika avionom .
She comes from Spain . Ona je iz panjolske .

118.


by

565 . By se katkada upotrebljava za mjesto . Npr . . :

by the window - uz prozor , by the fireplace - uz kamin itd .

By se redovito upotrebljava uz razna prevozna sredstva . Npr . :

by train - vlakom , by plane - avionom , by boat - laom , by steamer - parobrodom ,
by car - autom , ali : on foot - pjeice , on horseback - na konju , on bicycle - na biciklu
.


till

566 . Till je prijedlog koji slui samo za vrijeme , nikada za mjesto . Npr . :

from seven till eight - od sedam do osam sati ;
he will be here till next Tuesday - bit e ovdje do idueg utorka


since

567 . Since se upotrebljava samo za vrijeme , a znai od neke take u prolosti pa do sada :

I have lived in Zagreb since 1924 . Stanujem u Zagrebu ve od 1924 .
I have been ill since March . Ve od oujka sam bolestan .


for

568 . For ( osim svoga obinog znaenja za , npr . : He works for me - On radi za mene )
oznauje trajanje u nekom vremenskom razdoblju . Npr . :

He has taught in this school On ve pet godina pouava u
for five years . ovoj koli .
He studied in Paris for three years On je prije rata tri godine
before the war . studirao u Parizu .

Iz ovih prijevoda vidimo da se for ne prevodi na bosanski jezik .





119.

during

569 . takoer oznauje trajanje u nekom vremenskom razdoblju . Npr . :

Nobody looked after his office Za vrijeme njegove odsutnosti nitko
during his absence . nije vodio brigu o njegovu uredu .
During our last year's holiday Za vrijeme prologodinjih praznika imali
we had a lot of rain . smo mnogo kie .


after

570 . After se najee upotrebljava za vrijeme . Npr . :

After lunch I am going to the river . Poslije ruka idem na rijeku .
He will be here after seven o'clock . Bit e ovdje poslije sedsm sati .


before

571 . Before se redovito upotrebljava za vrijeme , vrlo rijetko za prostor . Npr . :

I can't meet you before 7 o'clock . Ne mogu se s vama sastati prije sedam sati .
I saw him standing before her with a Vidio sam ga kako stoji pred njom
bunch of flowers . s buketom cvijea .

behind

572 . Behind se upotrebljava samo prostorno . Npr . :

Behind the house there is a garage . Iza kue je garaa .
My seat is just behind yours . Moje je sjedalo ba iza tvoga .


in front of

573 . In front of upotrebljava se samo za prostor . Npr . :

There is a fountain in front of the Ispred kazalita nalazi se zdenac .
theatre .
I am always shy when I have to Uvijek se plaim kad moram govoriti
speak in front of so many people . pred tolikim ljudima .




120.

between

574 . Between znai izmeu dva . Npr . :

Between the railway station and Izmeu eljeznike stanice i moje
my house there is a playground . kue nalazi se igralite .
The picture is between the door Slika je izmeu vrata i kamina .
and the fireplace .


575 . Among znai izmeu vie predmeta ili osoba . Npr . :

There is a little house among Meu drveem nalazi se jedna kuica .
the trees .
She seems to be quite happy ini se da je prilino sretna meu
among her girl friends . svojim prijateljicama .


Napomena :

576 . Iza prijedloga se ne moe upotrijebiti infinitiv , ve se umjesto njega upotrebljava
gerund :

After sitting down he began to eat . Poto je sjeo , poeo je jesti .
Before going to bed I shall read Prije nego to poem spavati ,
the newspaper . proitat u novine .
We spoke about writing to her . Govorili smo o tome da joj napiemo pismo .


RED RIJEI U REENICI
Word Order

577 . Budui da imenice u engleskom jeziku nemaju nastavka za pojedine padee ( osim za
genitiv ) , njihovo se znaenje esto odreuje mjestom na kojem stoje u reenici , Stoga je red
rijei u reenici u engleskom jeziku veoma strogo odreen .

578 . Stalan red rijei u reenici jest :


subjekat predikat objekt

The teacher explained this lesson .

Nastavnik je objasnio ovu vjebu .


121.


579 . U bosanskom jeziku mogli bi smo u ovoj reenici i promjeniti red rijei , a da se
smisao
reenice ne bi izmijenio . Tako bismo mogli rei :

Ovu vjebu objasnio je nastavnik .

jer se iz oblika imenice vidi to je subjekt , a to objekt . Takav je poredak u engleskom
nemogu
jer nema razlike u obliku za nominativ i akuzativ .

580 . Ako tu reenicu proirimo adverbalnim oznakama ( naina , mjesta ili vremena ) , one
e
obino stajati na kraju reenice . Npr . :

subjekt predikat objekt adverbalna oznaka
The teacher explained this lesson in our class .
Nastavnik je objasnio ovu vjebu u razredu .
The teacher explained this lesson clearly.
Nastavnik je objasnio ovu vjebu razumljivo .
The teacher explained this lesson yesterday .
Nastavnik je objasnio ovu vjebu juer .


581 . Ako reenicu proirimo s dvije ili vie adverbalnih oznaka , onda one stoje ovim redom
:

nain mjesto vrijeme
(clearly ) ( in the class ) ( yesterday )

Npr . :

The teacher explained this lesson clearly in our class yesterday .

582 . Meutim da bi se izbjeglo gomilanje adverbalnih oznaka na kraju reenice , moe se
prilog odreenog vremena staviti i na poetak reenice . Npr . :

Yesterday the teacher explained this lesson clearly in our class .


583 . Prilozi neodreenog vremena ( often- esto , seldom - rijetko , sometimes - katkada ,
always - uvijek , never - nikada itd . ) stoje uvijek ispred glavnog glagola . Npr . :

They often go to the cinema . Oni idu esto u kino .
I have never spoken to him . Nisam nikada s njim razgovarao .



122.


584 . Treba , meutim , upamtiti da prilozi neodreenog vremena stoje uvijek iza prezenta i
preterita glagola to be . Npr . :

I am sometimes late . Ja katkada zakasnim .
He was never a good swimmer . On nije nikada bio dobar pliva .

Za poloaj priloga ago , too , quite , rather i enough vidi take 535 , 536 , 537 . i 538 .



585 . Neki glagoli , npr . give - dati , send - poslati , bring -donijeti itd . trae dva objekta , tj .
pravi objekt u akuzativu , koji oznauje stvar , i nepravi objekt u dativu , koji oznauje osobu
:



subjekt predikat objekt u dativu objekt u akuzativu

Mr . Brown sent his wife a present .
G . Brown je poslao svojoj eni poklon .






subjekt predikat objekt u akuzativu objekt u dativu

Mr . Brown sent a present to his wife .
G . Brown je poslao poklon svojoj eni .


Kad objekt u dativu stoji iza objekta u akuzativu , onda je pred njim uvijek prijedlog to .














123.

OBRNUTI RED RIJEI ( INVERZIJA )

586 . Obrnuti se red rijei sastoji u tome da se predikat stavi pred subjekt . Takav se red
rijei
redovito upotrebljava u upitnim reenicama . Npr . :


predikat Subjekt

Can You help me ?
Moe li mi pomoi ?

Are You alone ?
Jesi li sam ?

Does She like dancing ?
Voli li ona ples ?

Have You any spare time ?
Ima li slobodnog vremena ?




587 . Inverzija se upotrebljava i u pitanjima koja poinju upitnim rijeima , kao to su :

where - gdje , when - kada , why - zato , how - kako itd . Npr . :

Where does she live ? Gdje ona stanuje ?
When will you come ? Kada e doi ?
Why don't you answer ? Zato ne odgovori ?
How do you do it ? Kako vi to radite ?

588 . U neupravnim pitanjima nema inverzije . Prema tome e ova pitanja u neupravnom
obliku
glasiti ovako :

He asked me where she lived . Upitao me gdje ona stanuje .
He asked me when I would come . Upitao me kad u doi .
He asked me why I did not answer . Upitao me zato ne odgovorim .
He asked me how I did it . Upitao me kako ja to radim .

589 . Inverzija se takoer upotrebljava iza so i neither .

Potvrdnim reenicama dodajemo so , iza kojeg slijedi pomoni glagol , a zatim subjekt ,
a negativnim reenicama dodajemo neither , iza kojega slijedi pomoni glagol , a zatim
subjekt.
124.


590 . So i neither upotrebljavaju se da bi se izbjeglo ponavljanje jednog dijela prethodne
reenice . NPR . :



He is an excellent mechanic , and On je odlian mehaniar , a
so is his brother . takav mu je i brat .

Znai : He is an excellent mechanic , and his brother is an excellent mechanic too .
ili :

She doesn't like dancing , neither Ona ne voli ples , a ni njena sestra .
does her sister .

Znai : She does'nt like dancing , and her sister does'nt like dancing either .

Vidimo da iza takvog so i neither dolazi inverzija , tj . glagol stoji ispred subjekta .

591 . Inverzija se upotrebljava i u kratkim dodatnim pitanjima kojima govornik trai
potvrdu za ono to je rekao . Npr . :

a ) This is a good film , isn't it ? To je dobar film , zar ne ?
b ) John can do it , can't he ? John to moe uiniti , zar ne ?
c ) You were not at the match John to moe uiniti , zar ne ?
yesterday , were you ?
d ) Mary won't come tomorrow , Mary nee doi sutra , zar ne ?
will she ?

Iz ovih primjera moemo vidjeti :

592 . - ako je prethodna reenica potvrdna , dodatno je pitanje negativno , ako je prethodna
reenica negativna , dodatno je pitanje potvrdno ;

593 - u dodatnom pitanju ponavlja se isti pomoni glagol koji je u prethodnoj reenici , a iza
njega dolazi zamjenica ( nikada imenica ) . ( Vidi primjere b ) i d ) ! )

594 . Ako je u prethodnoj reenici glagol punog znaenja , u dodatnom ga pitanju
zamjenjuje
glagol do . Npr . :

You understad what I say , Ti razumije to ja kaem ,
don't you ? zar ne ?
He didn't arrive yesterday , did he ? On nije stigao juer , zar ne ?




125.

595 . Glagol u dodatnom pitanju dolazi uvijek u onom vremenu u kojem se nalazi glagol
prethodne reenice . Npr . :

She speaks English , doesn't she ? Ona govori engleski , zar ne ?
Robert broke the window , didn't he ? Robert je razbio prozor , zar ne ?

596 . Ako je u prethodnoj reenici sloeno glagolsko vrijeme ( futur , perfekt itd . ) ponavlja
se
u dodatnom pitanju samo pomoni glagol , a iza njega se stavlja zamjenica . Npr . :

They will write to you , won't they ? Oni e ti pisati , zar ne ?
You haven't seen him lately , have you ? U posljednje ga vrijeme nisi vidio , zar ne ?


DODATAK

GLAGOLSKI OBLICI

Glagol to bebiti

P r e z e n t


p o t v r d n o o d r i n o

I am ----- Im I am not ---- Im not
you are ----- you re you are not ----youarent
he is ----- hes he is not ---- he isnt
she is ----- shes she is not ---- she isnt
it is ----- its it is not ---- it isnt
we are ----- were we are not ---- we arent
you are ----- youre you are not ---- you arent
they are ----- theyre they are not---- they arent









126.

u p i t n o u p i t n o - o d r i n o

am I ? am I not ? ---- arent I ?
are you ? are you not? ---- arentyou
?
is he ? is he not? ---- isnt he ?
is she ? is she not? ---- isnt she ?
is it ? is it not ? ---- isnt it ?
are we ? are we not? ---- arent we
?
are you ? are you not? ---- arent
you?
are they ? are they not?--
arenmtthey?



P r e t e r i t

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o

I was I was not - I was not
you were you were not - youwernt
he was he was not - he wasnt
she was she was not - he wasnt
it was it was not - it wasnt
we were we were not - we wernt
you were you were not -you werent
they were they were not - thewerent


u p i t n o o d r n o - u p i t n o

was I ? was I not? - wasnt I ?
were you ? were you not - werent you ?
was he ? was he not ? - wasnt he ?
was she ? was she not ? - wasnt she?
was it ? was it not ? - wasnt it ?
werer we ? were we not ? - werent we?
were they ? were they not ? -werent they?







126.

P e r f e k t


p o t v r d n o u p i t n o

I have been - have I been ?
you have been - have you been ?
he has been itd. - Has he been ? itd

o d r i n o

I have not been - I havent been
you have not been - you havent been
he has not been - he hasnt been
o d r i n o - u p i t n o
have I not been ? - havent I been ?
have you not been ? - havent you been ?
have he not been ? - havent he been ?


P l u s v a m p e r f e k t

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I had been I had not been
you had been you had not been
he had been he had not been itd.

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
had I been ? had I not been ?
had you been? had you not been?
had he been ? had he not been ?





128.
F u t u r
p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I shall be I shall not be
you will be you will not be
he will be itd. he will not be itd.

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
shall I be ? shall I not be ?
shall you be ? shall you not be ?
shall he be ? shall he not be ?
S v r e n i f u t u r
p o v r a t n o o d r i n o
I shall have been I shall not hav been
you will have been you will not have been
he will have been he will not have been

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
shall I have been ? shall I not have been ?
will you have been ? will you not have been?
will he have been ? will you not have been ?

K o n d i c i o n a l
p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I should be I should not be
you would be you would not be
he would be itd. he would not be itd.

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
should I be ? should I not be ?
would you be ? would you not be ?
would he be ? itd. would he not be ?


129.

K o n d i c i o n a l p r o l i

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I should have been I should not have been
you would have been you would not have been
he would have been itd. you would not have been
itd.

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
should I have been ? should I not have been ?
would you have been ? would you not have
been ?
would he have been ? would he not have been ?


I m p e r a t i v
b e

Infinitiv prezenta
to be

Infinitiv perfekta
to have been

Particip prezenta
being




130.
Particip perfekta
been - having been
Gerund prezenta
being
Gerund perfekta
having been

Glagol to have -imati

P r e z e n t
p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I have - I ve I have not - I havent
you have - youve you have not - youhavent
he has - hes he has not - he hasnt
it has - its it has not - it hasnt
we have - weve we have not - we havent
you have - youve you have not - you havent
they have - theyve they have not -theyhavent

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t no
have I ? have I not ? - havent I?
have you ? have you not? -haventyou
has he ? has he not ? - hasnthe?
has she ? has she not ? - hasntshe?
has it ? has it not ? - hasnt it ?
have we ? have we not? - havent
we ?
have they ? have they not ? - haven't they?






131.

P r e t e r i t
p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I had - Id I had not - I hadnt
you had - youd you had not - you hadnt
he had - hed he had not - he hadnt
she had shed she had not - she hadnt
it had it had not - it hadnt
we had - wed we had not - we hadnt
you had - youd you had not - you hadnt
they had - theyd they had not- they hadnt

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
had I? had I not ? - hadnt I ?
had you ? had you not ? - hadnt you ?
had he ? had not he ? - hadnt he ?
had she ? had not she ? - hadnt she ?
had it ? had it not ? - hadnt it ?
had we ? had not we ? - hadnt we ?
had you ? had not you ? - hadnt you ?
had they ? had not they ? - hadnt they ?
P e r f e k t
po t v r d n o o d r i n o
I have had I have not had
you have had you have not had
ha has had itd you have not had

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
have I had ? have I not had ?
have you had ? have you not had ?
has he had ? has he not had ? it


132.

P l u s k v a m p e r f e k t

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I had had I had not had
you had had you had not had
ha had had you had not had itd.

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
had I had ? had I not had ?
had you had ? had you not had ?
had he had ? had he not had ? itd.

F u t u r
p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I shall have I shall not have
you will have you will not have
he will have he will not have

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
shall I have ? shall I not have ?
will you have ? will you not have ?
will he have ? will he not have ?
S v r e n i f u t u r

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I shall have had I shall not have had
you will have had you will not have had
ha will have had he will not have had


133.


u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
shall I have had ? shall I not have had ?
will you have had ? will you not have had ?
wil he have had ? will he not have had ? itd.

K o n d i c i o n a l

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I should have I should not have
you would have you would not have
he would have itd. he would not have? itd

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
should I have? should I not have?
would you have? would you not have?
would he have? itd. would he not have? itd.

K o n d i c i o n a l p r o l i

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I should have had I should not have had.
You would have had you would not have had
he would have had itd. he would not have had itd.

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o

should I have had? should I not have had. ?
would you have had? would you not have had ?
would he have had ? itd. would he not have have had ?



134.

I m p e r a t i v
have

I n f i n i t i v p r e z e n t a
to have

I n f i n i t i v p r e z e n t a
to have had

P a r t i c i p p r e z e n t a
having

P a r t i c i p p e r f e k t a
had - having had

G e r u n d p r e z e n t a
having

G e r u n d p e r f e k t a
having had










135.


P r e z e n t ( gl . " to do " )

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I do I do not - I dont
you do you do not - you dont
he does he does not - he doesnt
she does she does not - she doesnt
it does it do not - it doesnt
we do we do not - we dont
you do you do not - you dont
they do they do not - they dont
u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
do I ? do I not ? - dont I ?
do you ? do you not ? - dont you
does he ? does he not ? - doesnt he ?
does she ? does she not ? - doesnt she ?
does it ? does it not ? - doesnt it ?
do we ? do we not - dont we ?
do you ? do you not ? - dont you ?
do they ? do they not ? - dont they
P r e t e r i t

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I did I did not - I didnt
you did you did not - you didnt
he did itd. he did not - he didnt itd.
u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
did I ? did I not ? - didnt ?
did you ? did you not ? - dont you ?
did he ? did he not ? - didnt he ?



136.


I m p e r a t i v

do


Glagol can - mogu

P r e z e n t

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I can I can not - I cantt
you can you cannot - you cant
he can not he cannot - he cant
she can not she cannot - she cant
we can not we cannot - we cant
you can not you cannot - you cant
they can not they cannot - they cant

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
can I ? can I not ? - cant I ?
can you ? can you not ? - cant you ?
can she ? can she not ? - cant she ?
can it ? can not it ? - cant it ?
can we ? can not we ? - cant we ?
can you ? can not you ? - cant you ?
can they ? can not they ? - cant they ?

P r e t e r i t


p o t r v d n o u p i t n o

I could could I ?
you could could you ?
he could itd. could he ? itd.

o d r i n o

I could not - I couldnt
you could not - you couldnt
he could not - he couldnt




137.

- d r i n o - u p i t n o

could I not? - couldnt I ?
could you you? - couldnt you ?
could he not ? - couldnt he ?

Glagol may - smijem


P r e z e n t

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I may I may not
you may you may not
he may he may not
she may she may not
it may it may not
we may we may not
you may you may not
they may they may not

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
may I ? may I not ?
may you ? may you not ?
may he ? may he not ?
may she ? may she not ?
may it ? may it not ?
may we ? may we not ?
may you ? may you not ?
may they ? may they not ?

P r e t e r i t

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I might I might not
you might you might not
he might he might not

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
might I ? might I not ?
might you ? might you not ?
might he ? might he not ?





138 .

Glagol must - moram


P r e z e n t

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I must I mus not - I musnt
you must you musnt - you musnt
he must he must - he musnt
she must she must not - she musnt
it must it must not - it musnt
we must we must not - we musnt
you must you must not - you musnt
they must they must not - they musnt

u p i t n o o d r i n o -u p i t n o
must I? must I not ? - musnt I
must you ? must you not ? - musnt you ?
must he ? must he not ? - musnt he ?
must she ? must she not ? - musnt she ?
must it ? must it not ? - musnt it ?
must we ? must we not ? - musnt we ?
must you ? must you not ? - musnt you ?
must they ? must they not ? musnt they ?

Glagol teach - pouavati

A K T I V

P r e z e n t
p o t v r d n o u p i t n o
I teach do I teach ?
you teach do you teach ?
he teach does he teach ?
she teach does she teach ?
it teach does it teach ?
we teach do we teach ?
you teach do you teach ?
they teach do they teach ?






139 .

o d r i n o

I do not teach - I dont teach
you do not teach - you dont teach
he does not teach - he doesnt teach
she does not teach - she doesnt teach
it does not teach - it doesnt teach
we do not teach - we dont teach
you do not teach - you dont teach
they do not teach - they dont teach

o d r i n o - u p i t n o
do I not teach ? - dont I teach ?
do you not teach ? - dont you teach ?
does he not teach ? - doesnt he teach ?
does she not teach ? - doesnt she teach ?
does it not teach ? - doesnt it teach ?
do we not teach ? - dont we teach ?
do you not teach ? - dont you teach ?
do they not teach ? - dont they teach ?


P r e t e r i t
p o t v r d n o u p i t n o
I taught did I teach ?
you taught did you teach ?
he taught did he teach ?
she taught did she teach ?
it taught did it teach ?
we taught did we teach ?
you tought did you teach ?
they taught did they teach ?

o d r i n o

I did not teach -I didnt teach
you did not teach - I didnt teach
he did not teach - he didnt teach
she did not teach - she didnt teach
it did not teach - it didnt teach
we did not teach - we didnt teach
you did not teach - yoo didnt teach
tzhey did not teach - they didnt teach



140 .

o d r i n o - u p i t n o
did I not teach ? - didnt I teach ?
did you not teach ? - didnt you teach ?
did he not teach ? - didnt he teach ?
did she not teach ? - didnt she teasch ?
did it not teach ? - didnt it teach ?
did we not teach ? - didnt we teach ?
did you not teach ? - didnt you teach ?
did they not teach ? - didnt they teach ?

P e r f e k t

p o t v r d n o
I have taught
you have tought
he has tought itd.

o d r i n o u p i t n o
I have not taught have I taught ?
you have not taught have you taught ?


o d r i n o - u p i t n o
have I not taught ? - havent I taught ?
have you not taught ? - havent you taught ?
has he not taught ? - hasnt he taught ? itd.


P l u s k v a m p e r f e k t


p o t v r d n o u p i t n o
I had taught had I taught ?
you had taught had you taught ?
he had taught had he taught ?
itd.
o d r i n o
Ihad not taught - I hadnt taught
you had not taught - you hadnt taught
he had not taught - he hadnt taught itd.

o d r i n o - u p i t n o
had I not taught ? - hadnt I taught ?
had not you taught ? - hadnt you taught ?
had he not taught ? - hadnt he taught ?

141 .


F u t u r

p o t v r d n o u p i t n o
I shall teach shall I teach ?
you will teach will you teach ?
he shall teach will he teach ?

o d r i n o
I shall not taught - I shant teach
you will not teach - you wont teach
he will nbot - he wont teach

o d r i n o - u p i t n o
shall I not teach ? - shant I teach ?
will you not teach ? - wont you teach ?
will he not teach ? won t he teach? itd.

S v r e n i f u t u r

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I shall have taught I shall not have taught
you will have taught you will not have taught
he will have taught he will not have taught
itd.

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t no
shall I have taught ? shall I not have taught ?
will you have taught ? will you not have taught ?
will he have taught ? will he not have taught ?
itd.

K o n d i c i o n a l

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I should teach I should not teach
you would teach you would not teach
he would teach he would not teach

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
should I teach ? should I not teach ?
would you teach ? would you not teach ?
would he teach ? would he not teach ? itd.



142.


K o n d i c i o n a l pr o l i

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I should have taught I should not have taught
you would have taught you would not have taught
he would have taught he would not have taught
itd.

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
should I have taught ? should I not have taught ?
would you have taught ? would you not have taught
?
would he have taught ? would he not have taught?


I m pe r a t i v
teach

I n f i n i t i v
to teach

I n f i n i t i v p e r f e k t a
to have taught

P a r t i c i p p r e z e n t a
teaching

P a r t i c i p p e r fe k t a
taught - having taught

G e r u n d p r e z e n t a
teaching

G e r u n d p e r f e k t a
having taught









143.

P a s i v

P r e z e n t

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I am taught I am not taught
you are taught you are not taught
he is taught itd. he is not taught itd.

u p i t n o o d r i n - u p i t n o
am I taught ? am I not taught ?
are you tught ? are you not taught ?
is he taught ? itd. is he not taught ? itd

P r e t e r i t

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I was taught I was not taught
you were ta you were not taught
he was taught itd. he was not taught itd.

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
was I taught ? was I not taught ?
were you taught ? were you not taught ?
was he taught ? was he not taught ? itd.

P e r f e k t

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I have been taught I have not been taught
you have been taught you have not been taught
he has been taught he has not been taught

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o

have I been taught ? have I not been taught ?
have you been taught ? have you not been taught ?
has he been taught ? has he not been taught ?
itd.

144 .


P l u s k v a m p e r f e k t

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I had been taught I had not been
taught
you had been taught you had not been taught
he had been taught he had not been taught

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
had I been taught ? had I not been taught ?
had you been taught ? had you not been taught ?
had he been taught ? had he not been taught ?


F u t u r

p o tv r d n o o d r i n o
I shall be taught I shall not be taught
you will be taugh you will not be taught
he will be taught he will not be taught itd.

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
shall I be taught ? shall I not be taught ?
will you be taught ? will you not be taught ?
will he be taught ? will he not be taught ?


S v r e n i f u t u r

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I shall have been taught I shall not have
been taught
you will have been taught you will not have been
taught
he will have been taught he will not have
been taught

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
Shall I have been taught ? shall I not have been
taught ?
will you have been taught ? will you not have been
taught
will he have been taught ? will he not have been
taught?

145 .


K o n d i c i o n a l

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I should be taught I should not be taught
you would be taught you would not be taught
he would be taught he would not be taught

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
should I be taught? should I not be taught ?
would you be taught ? wopuld you not be taught ?
would he be taught ? would he not be taught ?


K o n d i c i o n a l p r o l i

p o t v r d n o o d r i n o
I should have been taught I should not have been taught
you would have been taught you would not have been taught
he would have been taught he would not have been taught

u p i t n o o d r i n o - u p i t n o
should I have been taught ? should I not have been taught ?
would you have been taught ? would yo nothavebeentaught ?
would he have been taught ? would he not have been taught?

I m p e r a t i v
be taught

I n f i n i t i v p r e z e n t a
to be taught

I n f i n i t i v p e r f e k t a
to have been taught

P a r t i c i p p e r f e k t a
having beeb taught

G e r u n d p r e z e n t a
being taught

G e r u n d p e r f e k t a
having been taught

146 .

N e p r a v i l n i g l a g o l i

Infinitiv Preterit particip perfekta
arise ( craiz) pojaviti se arose (c `rouz ) arisen (crizn)
awake (cweik) probuditi se awoke( cwouk) awaked (cweikt)
be (bi:) biti was, were (woz, wc:) been (bi:n )
bear (bcc ) roditi bore (bo: ) bor n ( bo: n)
bear (bcc) nositi bore (bo: ) bor n (bo:n)
beat (bi:t) tui beat (bi:t) beaten (bi:tn)
become (bik.m) postati became (bikeim) become (bik.m)
begin (bigin) poeti began (bign) begun (big.n)
bend (bend) svinuti bent (bent) bent (bent)
bet (bet) kladiti se bet (bet) bet (bet)
bid (bid) zapovijediti bade (bd, beid ) bidden (bidn)

bind (baind) vezati bound (baund ) bound (baund)
bite (bait ) gristi bit (bit) bitten (bitn)
bleed (bli:d) krvariti bled (bled) bled (bled)
blow (blou) duhati blew (blu) blown (bloun)
break (breik) slomiti broke (brouk) broken (broukn)
breed (bri:d) uzgajati bred (bred) bred (bred)
bring (briqg) donijeti brought (bro:t) brought
(bro:t)
build (bild) sagraditi built (bilt) built (bilt)
burn (bc:n) gorjeti burnt (be:nt) burnt (be:nt)
burned (be:nd) burned
(be:nd)
burst (bc:st) prsnuti burst (bc:st) burst (bc:st)
buy (bai) kupiti bought (bo:t) bought
(bo:t)
cast (ka:st) bacati cast (ka:st) cast (ka:st)
catch (kt} ) caught (kt} ) caught (kt}
choose (t}u:z) chose (t}u:z) chosen (t}u:z)
cling (kliq) prianjati clung (kliq) clung (kliq)
clothe (klout) odijevati clad (klout ) clad (klout)
Comment [y1]:
Comment [y2]:
clothed (kloutd) clothed
(kloutd)
come (k.m) doi came (k.m) come(k.m)
cost (kost) kotati, stajati cost (kost) cost (kost)
creep (kri:p) puzati crept (kri:p) crept (kri:p)
cut (k.t) rezati cut (k. t) cut (k.t)
deal (di:l) dijeliti dealt (delt) dealt (delt)
dig (dig) kopati dug (d.g) dug (d.g)
do (du:) initi did (did) done (d.n)

147 .

Infinitiv Preterit Particip perfekta

draw (dro:) vui, crtati drew ( dru:) drawn (dru:)
dream (dri:m) sanjati dreamt (dremt) dreamt
(dremt)
drink (driqk) piti drank (drnk) drunk (dr.nk)
drive (draiv) tjerati drove (drouv) driven (drivn)
dwell (dwel) boraviti dwellt (dwelt) dwellt (dwelt)
eat (i:t) jesti ate (et) eaten (i:tn)
fall (fo:l) pasti fell (fel) fallen (fo:ln)
feed ((fi:d) hraniti fed (fed) fed (fed)
feel (fi:l) osjeati felt (felt) felt (felt)
fight (fait )boriti se fuoght (fo:t) fought (fo:t)
find (faind) nai found (faund) found
(faund)
flee (fli:) pobjei fled (fled) fled (fled)
fling (fliq) baciti flung (fl.q) flung (fl.q)
fly (flai) letjeti flew (flu:) flown (floun)
forbid (fc bid) zabraniti forbade (f cbeid) forbidden
(fc bidn)
forget (f cget) zaboraviti forgot (f cgot) forgotten (f
cgotn)
forgive (fc giv) oprostiti forgave (f cgeiv) forgiven (fc givn)
forsake (fcseik) oprostiti forsook (f csuk) forsaken (f cseikn)
freeze (fri:z) smrzavati se froze (frouz) frozen(frouzn)
get (get) dobiti, postati got (got) got (got)
gotten (gotn)
gild (gild) pozlatiti gilded (gildid) gilded (gildid)
gilt (gilt)
give (giv) dati gave (geiv) given (givn)
go (gou) ii went (went) gone (gon)
grind ( graind) mljeti, brusiti ground (graund) ground (graund)
grow ( grou) rasti grew (gru:) grown (groun)
hang (h q ) visjeti, objesiti hung (hq ) hung (h q )
hanged (h q ) hanged (h q)
have (h v) imati had (h d) had (h d)
hear (hie ) uti heard (hc :d) heard (hc :d)
hew (hju:) sjei hewed (hju:d) hewn (hju:n)
hewed (hju:d)
hide (haid) sakriti hid (hid) hidden (hidn)
hit (hit) udariti hit (hit) hit (hit)
hold (hould) drati held (held) held (held)
hurt ( hc :t) ozlijediti hurt (hc :t) hurt (hc :t)
keep (ki:p) uvati kept (kept) kept (kept)
kneel (ni:) kleati knelt (nelt) knelt (nelt)
knit (nit) plesti knitted (nitid) knitted (nitid)
knit (nit) knit (nit)
148.

know (nou) znati knew (nju:) known (noun)
lay (lei) poloiti laid (lid) laid (lid)
lead (li:d) voditi led (led) led (led)

lean (li:n) nasloniti (se) leaned (li:nd) leaned
(li:nd)
leant (lent) leant (lent)
leap (li:p) skoiti leapt (lept) leapt (lept)
learn (lc:n) uiti learnt (lc:nt) learnt
(lc:nt)
learned (lc :nd) learned (lc :nd)
leave (li:v) ostati left (left) left (left)
lend (lend) posuditi (kome) lent (lent) lent (lent)
let (let ) pustiti let (let) let (let)
lie (lai) leati lay (lei) lain (lein)
light (lait) upaliti, osvjetliti lit ( lit) lit (lit
lighted (laitid) lighted (laitid)
lose (lu:z) izgubiti lost (lost) lost (lost)
make (meik) napraviti made (meid) made (meid)
mean (mi:n) znaiti meant (ment) meant (ment)
meet (mi:t) sresti met (met) met (met)
mow (mou) eti mowed (moud) mowed (moun)
overcome(ouvc k.m) nadvladati overcame(ouvc keim)
overcome(ouvck.m)
pay (pei) platiti paid (peid) paid (peid)
put (put) staviti put (put) put (put)
read (ri:d) itati read (red) read (red)
rid (rid) osloboditi ridden (ridden) rid (rid)
rid (rid)
ride (raid) jahati rode (roud) ridden
(ridn)
ring (ri q) zvoniti rang (rq ) rung (r .q )
rise (raiz) dii se rose (rouz) risen (rizn)
rot (rot) trunuti rotted (rotid) rotten (rotn)
run ( r. n) trati ran (r n) run (r. n)
saw (sou) iti sewed (soud) sewn (soun)
sewed (soud)
shake ( }eik) tresti shook (} uk) shaken (} eikn)
shave (}eiv) brijati se shaved (}eivd) shaved (}eivd)
showed (}eivn)
shine (}ain) sijati shone (}on) shone(}on)
shoe (}u:) potkovati shod (}od) shod (}od)
shoot (}u:t) ustrijeliti shot ( }ot) shot ( }ot)
show (} ou) pokazati showed ( }oud) shown (
}oun)
showed (} oud)

149.

shrink (} riqk) stegnuti se shrank ( }rqk) shrunk (} r.qk)
shut (}. t) zatvoriti shut ( } .t) shut (} . t)
sing (siq ) pjevati sang (si q) sung (si q)
sink (siqk) tonuti sank (s qk) sunk (s.qk)
sit (sit ) sjediti sat (st) sat (st)
slay (slei) zaklati slew (slu:) slain (slein)
sleep (sli:p) spavati slept (slept) slept (slept)

Infinitiv Preterit Particip perfekta

slide (slaid) klizati slide (slid) slide (slid)
smell (smel ) mirisati smelt (smelt ) smelt (smelt
)
smelled ( smeld ) smelled ( smeld )
sow ( sou ) sijati sowed ( soud ) sown ( soun
)
sowed ( soud )
speak ( spi:k ) spoke ( spouk ) spoken (spoukn )
speed ( spi;d ) uriti se sped ( sped ) sped ( sped )
spell ( spel ) sricati spelt ( spelt ) spelt ( spelt )
spelled ( speld ) spelled ( speld )
spend ( spend ) troiti ,provesti spent ( spent ) spent ( spent )
spill ( spil ) proliti spilt ( spilt ) spilt ( spilt )
spilled ( spild ) spilled ( spild )
spin ( spin ) presti spun (sp.n ) spun (sp.n )
spit ( spit ) pljunuti spat (spt ) spat ( spt )
spit ( spit ) spit ( spit )
split ( split ) raskoliti split ( split ) split ( split )
spoil (spoil ) pokvariti spoilt ( spoilt ) spoilt ( spoilt )
spoiled (spoild ) spoiled ( spoild )
spread ( spred ) rairiti spread ( spred ) spread ( spred )
spring ( spriq ) skoiti sprang (sprq ) sprung ( sprAq )
stand ( stnd ) stajati stood ( stud ) stood ( stud )
steal ( sti:l ) ukrasti stole ( stoul ) stolen ( stouln )
stick ( stik ) prionuti stuck ( stAk ) stuck ( stAk )
sting ( stiqk ) ubosti stung ( stAq ) stung ( stAq )
stink (stiq ) zaudarati stank ( stqk ) stunk (stAqk )
strike ( straik ) udarati struck (strAk ) struck ( strAk )
stricken ( strikn )
strive ( straiv ) boriti se strove ( strouv ) striven ( strivn )
swear ( swc ) zakleti se , kleti swore ( swo: ) sworn
(swo:n )
sweat ( swet ) znojiti se sweat ( swet ) sweat ( swet )
sweated ( swetid ) sweated ( swetid )
sweep ( swi:p ) pomesti swept ( swept ) swept ( swept )
swell ( swel ) nabreknuti swelled swolen
swelled ( sweld )
150.

swim ( swim ) plivati swam ( swm ) swum ( swAm )
swing ( swiq ) swung ( swAq ) swung ( swAq )
take ( teik ) took ( tuk ) taken ( teikn )
teach ( ti:t} ) pouavati taught ( to: t ) taught ( to: t )
tear (tcc ) poderati tore ( to: ) torn ( to:n )
tell ( tel ) rei told ( tould ) told ( tould )
think ( iqk ) misliti thought ( o:t ) thought ( o:t )
thrive ( raiv ) uspijevati throve ( rouv ) thriven ( rivn )
thrived ( raivd ) thrived ( raivd )
throw (rou ) threw ( ru: ) thrown ( roun )
thrust ( rAst ) thrust ( rAst ) thrust ( rAst )

Infinitiv
Preterit Particip perfekta
tread ( tred ) stupati trod ( trod ) trodden ( trodn )
understand (A nd cst nd) razumjeti understood (A nd cstud)
understood(Andcstud)
wake (weik) probuditi woke (wouk) woken (woukn)
waked (weikt) waked (weikt)
woke (wouk)
wear ( wcc ) nositi wore (wo: ) worn (wo: n)
weave (wi:v) tkati wove (wouv) woven ( wouvn)
wove (wouw)
weep (wi:p) plakati wept (wept) wept (wept)
win (win) dobiti won (won) won (won)
wind (waind) vijugati wound (waund) wound (waund)
withdraw (wiodro:) povui (se) withdrew (wiodru:) withdrawn(wiodro:n)
withhold (wiohould) zaustaviti withheld (wioheld) withheld
(wioheld)
withstand (wiost nd) oduprijeti (se) withstood (wiostud) withstood(wiostud)
work (wc:k) raditi worked (wc:kt) worked (wc:kt)
wrought (ro:t) wrought (ro:t)
wring (riq) izaimati wrung (rAq ) wrung (rAq)
write (rait) pisati wrote (rout) written (ritn)











151.

E N G L E S K I A L F A B E T



a b c d e f g h i j k l
m
(ei) (bi:) (si:) (di:) (i:) (ef) (d3i:) (ei ) (ai) (d3ei) (kei) (el)
(em)

n o p q r s t u v w x y z
(en) (ou) (pi:) (kju:) (a:) ( es) (ti:) (ju:) (vi:) (dAblju:) (eks) (wai)
(zed)


ZNAKOVI ZA IZGOVOR ENGLESKIH GLASOVAKOJI SE
RAZLIKUJU OD ZNAKOVA TO SE UPOTREBLJAVAJU U PISMU



znak primjer

A butter (bAtc) - maslac
a: France (fra:ns) - Francuska
sad (s d) - alostan
i: leave (li:v) - ostaviti
o fog (fog) - magla
o: short (}o:t) - kratak
u: shoe (}u:) - cipela
c father (fa:oc) - otac
c: girl (gc:l) - djevojka
oi toy (toi) - igraka
uc poor (puc) - siromaan
ic hear (hic) - uti
cc bear (bcc) - medvjed
q bring (briq) - donijeti
O three (Ori:) - tri
o they (oei) - oni
} bush (bu}) - grm
3 pleasure (ple3e) - uitak
t} chair (t}cc) - stolica
d3 bridge (brid3) - most
w winter (wintc) - zima



152.


NAZIVI ZA INTERPUNKCIJU

comma (komc) -zarez
semi-colon (semikoulcn) -toka-zarez
colon (koulcn) - dvije toke
ful-stop (fulstop) - toka
mark of interrogation (ma:kcvinterogei}n) - upitnik
mark of exclamation (ma:kcveksklcmei}n) - usklinik
brackets (brkits) - zagrada
hyphen (haifn) - crtica
dash (d}) - crta
quotation marks (kwoutei}nmaks) - navodnici
apostrophe (cpostrcfi) - apostrof


NAZIVI ZA VRSTE RIJEI

verb (vc:b) - glagol
noun (naun) - imenica
article (a:tikl) - lan
adjective (d3ektiv) - pridjev
pronoun (prounaun) - zamjenica
adverb (dvc:b) - prilog
prepsition (,prepczi}n) - prijedlog
interjection (,intc:d3ek}n) - uzvik
conjunction (kcnd3ek}n) - veznik
numeral (nju:mcrcl) - broj















153.

I N D E X
(Brojevi oznaavaju paragrafe)


a 345 budunost ( izraavanje ) 169, 190,
after 570 194
ago 535 by 565
akuzativ s infinitivom 227 , 228
all 471 - 473 can 45 - 50
among 575 oblik 46
and izmeu dva komparativa 409 u znaenju moi, biti sposoban
u sloenim brojevima 542 48
another 470 za dozvolu 49
any 452 - 455 u uljudnom pitanju 50
+ imenica prijevod na hrvat- causative have 33, 34, 36
skosrpski ) 455 causative get 35
uz scarcely , hardly , without 456 could 50
u potvrdnim reenicama 457
arrive ( prijedlozi uz ) 564 lan ( openito ) 344
at 554 , 559 neodreeni 345, 436
be 18 - 24 neodreeni ( upotreba ) 347 - 356
kao pomoni glagol 20 izostavljanje 357 - 360
kao glagol punog znaenja 21 odreeni ( oblik ) 361, 362
kao imenskog predikata 22 odreeni ( upotreba ) 363 - 370
u izrazima za dob, udaljenost i
cijenu 24 dani u tjednu 551
konjuktiv 264 datumi 552
before 571 defektivni glagoli 12
behind 572 infinitiv iza def. Glagola 233
between 574 do 18, 37 - 44, 71, 108
bezlini glagoli 13 kao pomoni glagol 38
both 474 , 475 za isticanje 39
brojevi 539 - 557 u kratkim odgovorima 40
glavni i redni 539 uz so 41
glavni 545 u dodatnom pitanju 42
napomene uz pisanje nekih kao glagol punog znaenja 43
brojeva 541 skraeni oblici u prezentu 71
umnoni 547 skraeni oblici u preteritu 108
razlomci 548 u imperativu 261
odreeni lan ispred rednog dob 557
broja 549 dodatno pitanje 42, 591 - 596
brojive i nebrojive imenice 331, during 569
332 rod 302 - 306
each 466 zajedniki rod 307
either 467, 475 tvorba enskog roda 308 -312
elder 400 s posebnim oblikom za
emfatino do 39 enski rod 313
154.


enough + infinitiv 231, 537 mnoina 314
every 463 mnoina imenica na s, z, , , , i d 315
everybody 464 mnoina imenica na -o, 316, 317
everyone 464 mnoina imenica na - y 318, 319
everything 465 mnoina imenica na - f i fe 320, 321
nepravilna mnoina 322, 323
farther 399 nepromjenjena mnoina 342
few 396 koji ne dolaze u mnoini 325, na -ics 326
for 138, 568 brojive i ne brojive 331, 332
from 563 padei 333 - 335
further 399 genitiv (upotreba) 341 - 343
futur 168, 170 - 193 na -ing 255
tvorba 170 - 174 imperativ 256
upotreba 176, 177, 195 tvorba 257 - 261
nesvreni ( tvorba ) 178 - 181 istaknut sa do 261
upotreba 182, 183 in 546, 555, 560
svreni 184 - 186 infinitiv 219 - 236
sa going to 190, 193 prezenta 220
prezenta, nesvreni 221
genitiv ( imenica )336 - 340 perfekta (tvorba) 222
upotreba 341 - 343 perfekta, nesvreni 223
gerund 238 - 250, 576 prezenta, pasivni 224
glagolske osobine 240 - 242 perfekta, pasivni 225
imenike osobine 243 - 245 upotreba (za izraavanje namjere) 226
upotreba 246 - 250, 576 akuzativ sa infinitivom 227, 228
get, causative 35 iza nekih glagola 229
glagoli openito 1 iza nekih pridjeva 230
na o- 76 iza too i enough 231
na -y 77 prevoenje na hrvatskosrpski 232
glavni brojevi 539 bez to 233 - 236
itanje sloenih brojeva 542 in front of 537
- ing oblici (openito) 238
have 18, 25 -32 into 562
kao pomoni glagol 26 inverzija 586, 587, 591 - 596
kao glagol punog znaenja 27- 29 u pitanjima sa where, when, why,
itd. 587
have got 30 iza so i neither 589
u stalnim izrazima 31, 32 u kratkim dodatnim pitanjima 591
causativ have 33 - 36 it 485 - 487
he 438 its 427
hear 99 izgovor nastavka - ed 112 - 114
her, hers 426
his 425
how + infinitiv 229
hundred 543, 544

I 480, 481
155.

if (izostavljanje) 208
imenice 296 - 326, 331 - 343
vrste 297 - 301

komparacija pridjeva (openito) neodreeni lan 245 - 260
386 - 394, 403- 409 oblik 245 , 246 .
nepravilna 394 upotreba 347 - 356
tvorba komparativa i superlativa izostavljanje 357 - 360
387 -393 neodreeni pridjevi i zamjenice
vrste 403 - 406 445 - 478
uspore4dno poveavanje ili some 446 - 448 , 451
smanjivanje somebody , someone , something
komparacija priloga 526 - 528 prijevod imenica sa some i any
kondicional ( tvorba ) 196 455
sadanji 197 - 200 any uz hardly , scarcely , without
proli 197 - 200 456
saeti oblici 201 no 458
konjuktiv 262 - 266 none 459
upotreba 265 , 266 nobody , no - one 460
nothing 461
last 402 every 463
late 401 everybody , everyone i every-
let 234 thing 464 , 465
line zamjenice 479 - 498 each 466
oblici 480 either 467
nominativ 490 neither 468
poloaj u reenici 495 - 498 other 469
listen to 99 all 471 - 473
little 395 both 474
look at 99 one 476 - 478
nepravilna komparacija pridjeva
394 - 402
make 234 nepravilni glagoli 2 , 9
many 398 nesvreni prezent 85 , 87 - 99
may 45 , 51 - 53 za radnju koja se sada dogaa
za dozvolu 52 94
za mogunost 53 za radnju u blioj budunosti
might 54 95
million 543 , 544 za radnju u toku 96
mine 422 za radnju koja se ponavlja 97
mjeseci u godini 551 nesvreni perfekt 143 - 149
mnoina imenica 314 - 326 tvorba 143 - 147
mnoina sloenica 327 - 330 upotreba 148 , 149
much 397 nesvreni futur 178 - 183
must 45 , 55 - 61 tvorba 178 - 181
za obavezu 56 upotreba 182 , 183
upotreba 55 - 59 nesvreni infinitiv prezenta 221
nesvreni infinitiv perfekta 223
156.

must not 59 nesvreni perfekt 143 - 149
my 422 nesvreni perfekt 143 - 149
tvorba 143 - 147
upotreba 148 , 149
nebrojive imenice 331 , 332 nesvreni preterit 119 - 126
need not 60 , 61 tvorba 119 -123
negacija u engleskom jeziku 462 upotreba 124 - 126
neither 468 , 475 nesvreni prezent 85 , 87 - 99
neither + inverzija 589 za radnju koja se sada dogaa
upotreba 590 94
za radnju u blioj budunosti particip perfekta pravilnih gla -
95 gola 5 , 129
za radnju u toku 96 pravilnih glagola na - e 6
za radnju koja se ponavlja 97 nepravilnih glagola 7 , 130
neupravni govor ( openito ) 274 pasiv ( openito ) 267
slaganje vremena 281 , 282 tvorba 268
say i tell 283 - 285 , 287 upotreba 269 , 270
imperativ 286 prijevod na bosanski 271
promjene priloga i zamjenica u reenici sa dva objekta 272
288 - 290 glagola s prijedlogom 273
neupravno pitanje 291 , 293 - 295 infinitiv perfekta 225
red rijei 292 , 588 infinitiv prezenta 224
no 458 perfekt 127 -142
nobody 460 tvorba 128, 131-134
nominativ linih zamjenica 490 upotreba 135-142
none 459 pluskvamperfekt 150-167
nothing 461 tvorba 151-155
upotreba 156-159, 166
objekt nepravi (poloaj u reenici) 585 nesvreni 160-164
upotreba nesvrenog 165, 167
objekt pravi (poloaj u reenici) 585 pogodbene reenice 202,tipovi 203-209
obrnuti red rijei 586 pomoni glagoli 11
odnosne zamjenice 505-517 povratne zamjenice 499-504
oblici 505 oblik 500, 501
who 506, 507 upotreba 502, 503
whom 508, 509 povratni glagoli 10
whose 510 povratni glagoli 2
which 511, 512 prelazni glagoli 8
that, 513-516 preterit 98
what 517 pravilnih glagola 5,99,101,103-107,
odreeni lan 361-377 112-114
oblik 361, 362 pravilnih glagola na -e 6
upotreba 363-370 napomene uz tvorbu 109-111
izostavljanje 371-377 nepravilnih glagola 7, 102-106
odrini oblik defektnih i pomo- upotreba 115-118, 140
nih glagola 14 nesvreni 119-126
odrini oblik glagola punog zna- prezent 65-70, 72-75, 100
enja 15 upotreba 78-82, 194
157.

older 400 za buduu radnju 83
on uz datume 546, 558 u vremenskim i pogodbenim reenicama 84
one 419, 476-478 nesvreni 85, 92-95, 187, 188
open (0blici) 107 pridjev such 415, 416
pridjev the same 418
other 469, 470 pridjev our 428
ought 62-64 pridjev their 429
our, ours 428 pridjevi (usporedba s bosnskim jezikom 378
pade objekta line openito 279-381
zamjenice 491-494 upotreba 382-385
padei imenica (openito)333-335 komparacija 386
vrste komparacije 403-406
pokazni,prisvojni,upitni,neod- shall 195,209-211
reeni ( openito) 410 za dozvolu i savjet 210
this, that 411-413 u 2.i 3. licu jednine 211
prijedlog na kraju upitne ree- she 484
nice 411 should 214, 215
prijedlozi 558-576 since 137,567
prilozi 518-538 slaganje vremena 275-282
vrste 519 sloenice ( mnoina ) 327-330
naina 520 so (inverzija) 589,590
tvorba 521-525 some 446-448, 451,455
komparacija 526-528 some + imenica (prevod na bosanski)455
poloaj u reenici 529-530, 580-584 somebody 429
stupnja (too, quite, rather, someone 449
enough) 536-538 something 450
posvojni pridjevi 420-433 such 425
oblik 421 superlativ 407
her 426 superlativ i komparativ
usporedba sa bosanskim jezikom 430 (tvorba) 387-393
uz dijelove tijela i odjevne svojstva glagola 3
predmete 431 svreni futur 184-186
prisvojne zamjenice u ustaljenim tell i say 283-287
izrazima 432-433 tense 4
quite 536 that 411-414
rather 536 that (odnosno) 512-516
razlomci 548 the 361-377
red rijei u reenici 577-590 the... the + komparativ 408
stalan u engleskoj reenici 578 the ispred rednog
pravi i nepravi objekt 585 broja 549
u zavisno-upitnoj reenici 292,588 their, theirs 429
redni brojevi 539-542 they 489
rimski brojevi uz imena vladara 550 this 411-414
rod imenica 302-306 thousand 543,544
same 418 till 566
saeti oblici glagola do to 561
preterita 123 to+infinitiv 233
perfekta 134,147 to umjesto infinitiva 237
158.


pluskvamperfekta 155 too + infinitiv 231
futura 174 too kao prilog stupnja
kondicionala 201 umnoeni brojevi 547
say i tell 283-285, 287 upitne reenice 443,444
see 99,189 upitni oblik pomonih i
sequence of tenses 275-282 defektnih glagola 16
glagola punog znaenja 17
upitni pridjevi izamjenice 434-444
vrijeme (kako se kazuje) 533
dolaska i odlaska vozova 556
vrste imenica 297-301
we 488
what 439,440,517
which 442,511,512
who 435-437
kao subjekt 436
kao objekt 437
who (odnosno) 506-509
whose 438, 510
will 175, 195, 209-213
would 216-218
zajedniki rod imenica 307
zamjenice (openito) 410 zamjenice line 479-498
this, that 411-414 zamjenice za isticanje 504
such 417 zapovjedni nain 256-261
the same 418 tvorba 257-260
one 419 istaknut sa do 261
hers 426 zavisno- upitne reenice 291,293-29
its 42 red rijei 292,588
ours 428 enski rod (tvorba) 308-313
theirs 429 you 482
prisvojne u ustaljenim izrazima 432,433 your, yours 423
who 435










159.


S A D R A J

( Brojevi oznauju stranice )

Glagoli :

svojstva glagola 2 nesvreni pluskvamperfekt ,
pravilni i nepravilni glagoli 2 tvorba 30
prelazni , neprelazni i povratni nesvreni pluskvamperfekt ,
glagoli 3 upotreba 31
pomoni glagoli 3 futur 32
tvorba negativnog oblika upotrba futura 33
glagola 4 nesvreni futur 34
tvorba upitnog oblika glagola 4 svreni futur 35
be kao pomoni glagol 5 svreni futur , upotreba 35
be kao glagol punog znaenja 5 izraavanje budunosti ne -
have kao pomoni glagol 6 svrenim prezentom 35
have kao glagol punog izraavanje budunosti sa
znaenja 6 " going to " 36
causative have 7 izraavanje budunosti obi -
do kao pomoni glagol 8 nim prezentom 37
do kao glagol punog znaenja 9 kondicional 37
can 10 pogodbene reenice 39
may 11 upotreba shall i will 41
must 11 upotreba should i would 42
ought 13 infinitiv 43
prezent glagola punog zna - upotreba infinitiva 44
enja 17 infinitiv bez to 45
upotreba prezenta 17 gerund 47
nesvreni prezent 17 upotreba gerunda 48
upotreba nesvrenog prezenta 19 particip prezenta 49
preterit , tvorba 20 particip prezenta , upotreba 49
preterit , upotreba 23 imenice na - ing 49
nesvreni preterit , tvorba 23 imperativ 50
nesvreni preterit , upotreba 24 konjuktiv 51
perfekt , tvorba 25 konjuktiv , upotreba 51
perfekt , upotreba 26 pasiv 52
nesvreni perfekt , tvorba 28 pasiv , upotreba 52
nesvreni perfekt , upotreba 28 neupravni govor 54
pluskvamperfekt , tvorba 29 slaganje vremena 54
pluskvamperfekt , upotreba 30 upotreba say i tell 56
zavisno - upitne reenice 57




160.

Imenice : Prilozi :

vrsta imenica 59 vrsta priloga 105
rod imenica 59 tvorba priloga 105
mnoina imenica 61 komparacija priloga 107
brojive i nebrojive imenice 65 poloaj priloga u reenici 108
padei imenica 65
genitiv 65
upotreba genitiva 66 Brojevi :
brojevi , glavni i redni 110
lan : tvorba rednih brojeva 111
neodreeni lan , oblik i upo-
treba 67 Prijedlozi :
izostavljanje neodreenog najobiniji prijedlozi 115
lana 70
odreeni lan , oblik i upo-
treba 71 Red rijei u reenici :
izostavljanje odreenog lana 73
stalan red rijei 119
obrnuti red rijei 121
Pridjevi :
upotreba pridjeva u reenici 75 Dodatak :
komparacija pridjeva 76 oblici glagola be 123
nepravilna komparacija 78 have 128
vrste komparacije 81 do 133
can 134
Pridjevi i zamjenice : may 135
pokazni pridjevi i zamjenice 82 must 136
posvojni pridjevi i zamjenice 84 teach 136
upitni pridjevi i zamjenice 87 nepravilni glagoli 144
neodreeni pridjevi i zamje- engleski alfabet 148
nice 89 znakovi za izgovor
line zamjenice 96 engleskih glasova 149
povratne zamjenice 100 nazivi za interpunkciju 149
odnosne zamjenice 101 nazivi za vrste rijei 150
indeks 150